Abstract: The population data of Shaanxi Province was extracted from the Township Census Data of China in 2010 pressed by the National Bureau of Statistics in Dec. 2012. The Administrative map of Shaanxi Province in township level was extracted from the sharing platform（www.geodata.cn) of the earth system science data. The population information spatial database of Shaanxi Province was established by using ArcGIS10.0 software based on the above data. The spatial trend surface of the population number，population gender ratio，family size，aged people，children，working age population and the foreign population of Shaanxi Province were drawled by the local interpolation based on the method of inverse distance weighted. The mechanism of population spatial differentiation was studied by using Moran's I index，information entropy，differentiation index，separation index，et al.，and according to the characteristics of topographic features，resources and industries in different region，the following conclusions were got: There appears  significant positive correlation of population spatial differentiation in the whole province. The most dense population is in the Guanzhong Area （Middle Shaanxi），followed is in the Southern Shaanxi Area，and less in Northern Shaanxi Area. The gender ratio differentiation of the permanent resident population was related with the industry structure and family gender preference. And the family size is smaller in the cities than in the rural areas，by contraries，family size of Southern Shaanxi Area and Northern Shaanxi Area is smaller than in Guanzhong Area （Middle Shaanxi）. Working-age-people are clustered in township areas in Guanzhong Area，while the children and the elderly were left behind in rural areas. Foreign population is aggregated in the mining area as well as in economic hot spots which made an unique population spatial differentiation landscape in the Northern Shaanxi，and children usually stay in the township and cities with their parents，while the elders left behind in the rural areas. The sex ratios of families were anomaly high in some areas of Southern Shaanxi and the population reproduction situation should pay more attention to. The main standpoints of the paper are as follows：The administration should pay attention to the marriage，family and child birth situation in the area which were serious imbalanced in the gender ratio. And the local government should pension pilot to the rural areas where most elders were clustering by. It is suggested that the local government should set up some medical service spots and nursing homes scientifically，and care for the seriously increasing of Fewer Children Phenomenon so as to formulate corresponding policies and measures as soon as possible. The changes of foreign population spatial differentiation in the economic hot spots should be concerned and more aid should be given to the foreign population to achieve social integration. This article can be used as an assist to clarify the population spatial differentiation trend in Shaanxi Province of China，and it also can provide the basis for the macro and meso-level development strategies.

Key words: differentiation of population spatial distribution, GIS, the Sixth Census Data of China, Shaanxi Province