塔里木河流域地表水地下水的水化学特征及控制因素分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.464

Abstract

Abstract:

To address the key issues confronting the Tarim River Basin under the synergistic impacts of climate change and intensive human activities, specifically unclear salinity sources and unknown migration mechanisms, this study explores the constraints imposed by water-environment degradation and salt-balance disruption on sustainable use of water resources and ecological security. The spatiotemporal characteristics and drivers of water chemistry in the Tarim River Basin are systematically investigated. Surface water and groundwater samples collected during the 2023—2024 dry and wet seasons are comprehensively analyzed by integrating hydrochemical techniques with the absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression model. The results indicate the following: (1) Total dissolved solids (TDS) and ionic concentrations are higher in the dry season and in groundwater than in the wet season and surface water, respectively; surface water hydrochemical types change seasonally, indicating a recharge-source transition from groundwater to glacial meltwater. (2) Groundwater chemistry is controlled by evaporative concentration and rock salt dissolution, whereas surface water is mainly influenced by carbonate weathering. (3) TDS concentrations increase from west to east and from the upper and middle reaches to the lower ones, reflecting the significant impact of salt-return flows from irrigation drainage. (4) Model analysis shows that groundwater ions mainly originate from rock salt/carbonate dissolution (33.33%) and evaporation con centration-rock salt dissolution (12.00%), whereas surface water ions primarily stem from carbonate mineral dissolution (67.00%) and agricultural activities (25.70%). Groundwater contributions from unknown sources are relatively high (54.67%), indicating the presence of mixed, multisource pollution and complex hydrogeochemical processes. This study reveals that the hydrochemistry of the basin is synergistically driven by natural and human factors, providing a scientific basis for regional water-salt regulation and ecological security.

Key words: Tarim River, hydrochemistry, solute sources, controlling mechanisms

YANG Yi, MU Zhenxia, LING Hongbo, ZHANG Yanlei, DENG Yue. Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling mechanisms of surface water and groundwater in the Tarim River Basin[J].Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(6): 1122-1134.

Figures/Tables 12

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类型	项目	TDS	主要离子浓度
类型	项目	TDS	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	HCO₃^-
枯水期地下水（N=31)	最大值	68390.0	1378.9	2329.5	47908.9	932.7	63677.2	10780.6	589.0
	最小值	69.4	9.7	25.5	3.8	7.9	60.6	101.6	41.2
	平均值	6587.5	170.1	265.5	2816.7	71.4	3798.6	1213.9	289.9
	标准差	16773.7	284.9	518.6	9038.5	191.7	12125.9	2360.7	154.8
枯水期地表水（N=72）	最大值	12045.9	481.1	466.8	1212.6	2939.7	4123.8	2839.5	248.5
	最小值	129.1	14.5	3.9	1.3	2.4	2.6	14.7	33.5
	平均值	1025.1	67.4	45.0	41.6	164.8	252.5	252.4	120.6
	标准差	2007.0	76.2	81.4	181.9	475.5	684.5	486.9	56.2
丰水期地下水（N=20）	最大值	14333.0	782.4	1704.2	11775.1	361.4	18393.3	8303.1	778.0
	最小值	610.0	10.5	28.3	8.8	8.2	71.4	91.4	166.6
	平均值	2835.0	201.8	290.6	1349.5	58.4	2044.7	1390.9	355.5
	标准差	3686.3	225.7	408.8	2541.0	81.1	3972.1	1970.2	170.8
丰水期地表水（N=27）	最大值	9660.0	414.7	398.7	2170.6	410.4	2992.3	2931.6	346.2
	最小值	227.0	48.0	12.5	1.3	3.9	5.0	42.2	85.1
	平均值	790.1	83.0	34.8	52.7	67.3	136.6	222.2	165.3
	标准差	1289.6	61.7	54.1	294.3	82.7	406.1	400.1	57.4

地下水				地表水
编号	水化学类型	枯水期	丰水期	编号	水化学类型	枯水期	丰水期
20	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg	22.58	0.00	41	SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg	15.56	0.00
41	SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg	25.81	40.00	19	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg	4.44	13.73
40	SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg	3.23	0.00	16	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Ca·Mg	6.67	15.69
48	Cl-Na·Mg	3.23	0.00	42	SO₄·Cl-Na	6.67	1.96
42	SO₄·Cl-Na	12.90	20.00	9	HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg	11.11	15.96
21	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na	6.45	5.00	11	HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Ca	17.78	5.88
19	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg	9.68	20.00	18	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca	13.33	17.65
49	Cl-Na	12.90	5.00	2	HCO₃-Ca·Mg	4.44	3.92
6	HCO₃-Na·Mg	3.23	0.00	29	SO₄-Ca	4.44	1.96
18	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca	0.00	10.00	8	HCO₃·SO₄-Ca	4.44	9.80

总方差解释				旋转后的成分矩阵
成分	总计	方差百分比	累积/%	水质指标	成分1	成分2
1	5.624/5.802	70.296/72.528	70.296/72.528	Ca²⁺	0.904/0.847	0.286/0.325
2	1.442/1.090	18.025/13.622	88.320/86.149	Mg²⁺	0.881/0.952	0.400/0.273
3	0.581/0.851	7.266/10.635	95.586/96.784	Cl^-	0.985/0.954	-0.022/0.236
4	0.214/0.238	2.679/2.973	98.266/99.758	SO₄^2-	0.882/0.980	0.422/0.176
5	0.089/0.017	1.110/0.207	99.376/99.965	HCO₃^-	-0.054/0.114	0.863/0.675
6	0.041/0.002	0.516/0.021	99.892/99.986	TDS	0.264/0.963	0.775/0.258
7	0.009/0.001	0.107/0.010	100.000/99.996	Na⁺	0.978/0.773	-0.039/-0.492
8	0.000/0.000	0.000/0.004	100.000/100.000	K⁺	0.962/0.620	0.042/0.667

Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling mechanisms of surface water and groundwater in the Tarim River Basin

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