夏季蒙古国西部地表水水质空间分布特征及评价

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.568

Abstract

Abstract:

The water resources of rivers and lakes are essential for human survival and development, and their protection and sustainable use have become a global priority. In this study, rivers and lakes in western Mongolia were investigated through field surveys conducted in the summer of 2023 to evaluate water quality contamination. By measuring chemical parameters, heavy metals, and comprehensive indicators, the spatiotemporal variation in water quality was analyzed using the single-factor evaluation method, the comprehensive pollution index method, and the comprehensive trophic status index. The aim was to provide a scientific basis for ecological protection and the region's sustainable socio-economic development. The results showed that: (1) Surface waters in western Mongolia were alkaline, with spatial variations in different indicators. Except for Uvs Lake, Kyrgyz Lake, and the lower reaches of the Khovd River, the remaining areas complied with relevant water quality standards of the world, Mongolia, and China. (2) The main pollution indicators were the permanganate index and ammonia nitrogen, with excessive organic matter primarily linked to grazing activities and domestic sewage discharge. (3) Significant spatial differences in lake trophic status were observed, with some lakes exhibiting severe eutrophication. Although areas with low nutrient concentrations presented a relatively small risk of eutrophication, continuous monitoring of nitrogen-phosphorus ratios remains necessary.

Key words: water quality, water pollution indices, spatial variation, Mongolia

WANG Siyu, ZHOU Hongfei, YAN Yingjie, YANG Song, SU Yuan. Spatial distribution characteristics and evaluation of surface water quality in western Mongolia in summer[J].Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(10): 1783-1792.

Figures/Tables 10

Tab. 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Fig. 4

Tab. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

References 31

[1]	胡广福. 浅议靖远县黄河水资源开发利用与管理[J]. 农业科技与信息, 2021(8): 16-18.
	[Hu Guangfu. A brief discussion on the development, utilization and management of Yellow River water resources in Jingyuan County[J]. Agricultural Science-Technology and Information, 2021(8): 16-18.]
[2]	中华人民共和国水利部. 2021年中国水资源公报[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2022: 18-19.
	[Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China. 2021 China water resources bulletin[M]. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2022: 18-19.]
[3]	吕娜, 郭梦京, 赵馨, 等. 内陆淡水湖博斯腾湖水质遥感反演及时空演变特征[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(6): 953-966. doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.386
	[Lü Na, Guo Mengjing, Zhao Xin, et al. Remote sensing inversion of water quality and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the Bosten Inland Freshwater Lake[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(6): 953-966.] doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.386
[4]	Davaa G, Oyunbaatar D, Sugita M. Surface water of Mongolia[J]. Environmental Book of Mongolia, 2007, 2006: 55-82.
[5]	Sternberg T. Environmental challenges in Mongolia's dryland pastoral landscape[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2008, 72(7): 1294-1304.
[6]	曾翠红, 王岫嵩, 赵金鑫. 蒙古畜牧业的发展现状、困境与出路[J]. 世界农业, 2018(5): 24-30, 202.
	[Zeng Cuihong, Wang Xiusong, Zhao Jinxin. The current situation, dilemma and countermeasures of animal husbandry in Mongolia[J]. World Agriculture, 2018(5): 24-30, 202.]
[7]	Mearns R. Sustaining livelihoods on Mongolia's pastoral commons: Insights from a participatory poverty assessment[J]. Development and Change, 2004, 35(1): 107-139.
[8]	Fernandez-gimenez M E, Batbuyan B. Law and disorder: Local implementation of Mongolia's land law[J]. Development and Change, 2004, 35(1): 141-166.
[9]	Kelderman P, Batima P. Water quality assessment of rivers in Mongolia[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2006, 53(10): 111-119. pmid: 16838695
[10]	Hofmann J, Karthe D, Ibisch R, et al. Initial characterization and water quality assessment of stream landscapes in northern Mongolia[J]. Water, 2015, 7(12): 3166-3205.
[11]	Shinneman A L C, Almendinger J E, Umbanhowar C E, et al. Paleolimnologic evidence for recent eutrophication in the valley of the great lakes (Mongolia)[J]. Ecosystems, 2009, 12(6): 944-960.
[12]	Batsaikhan B, Kwon J S, Kim K H, et al. Hydrochemical evaluation of the influences of mining activities on river water chemistry in central northern Mongolia[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017, 24(2): 2019-2034.
[13]	胡格吉勒图. 蒙古国矿产资源开发现状及挑战因素分析[J]. 东北亚学刊, 2017(3): 26-33.
	[Hu Gejiletu. Analysis of the status of mineral resource development and challenge factors in Mongolia[J]. Journal of Northeast Asia Studies, 2017(3): 26-33.]
[14]	杨松, 周宏飞, 闫英杰. 1992—2021年蒙古国西部湖泊面积和数量变化特征[J]. 中国科学院大学学报, 2025, 42(2): 176-185.
	[Yang Song, Zhou Hongfei, Yan Yingjie. Characterization of lake area and number change in western Mongolia from 1992 to 2021[J]. Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2025, 42(2): 176-185.]
[15]	超宝, 赵媛媛, 武海岩, 等. 2000—2020年蒙古高原生态系统服务及其对气候因子的响应[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(9): 1577-1586. doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.602
	[Chao Bao, Zhao Yuanyuan, Wu Haiyan, et al. Ecosystem services and its response to climate factors in the Mongolian Plateau from 2000 to 2020[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(9): 1577-1586.] doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.602
[16]	Tsegmid S. Physical geography of Mongolia[M]. Ulaanbaatar: State Press, 1969: 405.
[17]	Alexander O, Munkhjargal U, Tuyagerel D. Lakes of Mongolia: Eomorphology, geochemistry and paleoclimatology[M]. Switzerland: Springer Cham, 2022: 179-183.
[18]	Batima P, Natsagdorj L, Gomboluudev P, et al. Observed climate change in Mongolia[R]. Ulaanbaatar: Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, 2005.
[19]	张小龙, 陈亚宁, 朱成刚, 等. 1986—2023年东昆仑库木库里盆地湖泊变化及成因分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(10): 1651-1661. doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.176
	[Zhang Xiaolong, Chen Yaning, Zhu Chenggang, et al. Lake change and genetic analysis in east Kunlun Kumukuli Basin from 1986 to 2023[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(10): 1651-1661.] doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.176
[20]	Orkhonselenge A, Harbor J M. Impacts of modern glacier changes on surface water resources in western and northern Mongolia[J]. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2018, 10(6): 559-576.
[21]	马兴, 胡万里, 邵德智, 等. 海河塘沽段水污染指数变化及其原因分析[J]. 水资源与水工程学报, 2008, 19(1): 69-72, 76.
	[Ma Xing, Hu Wanli, Shao Dezhi, et al. Changes of water contaminative indexes and its reasons in Tanggu Reach of Haihe River[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 2008, 19(1): 69-72, 76.]
[22]	王明翠, 刘雪芹, 张建辉. 湖泊富营养化评价方法及分级标准[J]. 中国环境监测, 2002, 18(5): 47-49.
	[Wang Mingcui, Liu Xueqin, Zhang Jianhui. Evaluate method and classification standard on lake eutrophication[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2002, 18(5): 47-49.]
[23]	Zebarth B J, Hii B, Liebscher H, et al. Agricultural land use practices and nitrate contamination in the Abbotsford Aquifer, British Columbia, Canada[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 1998, 69(2): 99-112.
[24]	Kolpakova M. Thermodynamic calculations of Uranium accumulation in Saline Lakes of west Mongolia[J]. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 2014, 10: 164-167.
[25]	World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda[R]. Geneva: WHO, 2017.
[26]	MNS 4586: Mongolian national standard for water quality of the aquatic environment: General requirements[S]. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolian National Center of Standardization & Meterology, 1998.
[27]	Erdenechimeg G, Munguntsetseg. Chemical composition and quality of some river of Mongol Alta[J]. Mongolian Journal of Chemistry, 2012, 13: 19-22.
[28]	Ma L, Liu H, Jing J, et al. Impacts of the development of mineral metal resources on surface water quality in the Mongolian Plateau based on meta-analysis[J]. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2022, 10: 1048500, doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.1048500.
[29]	Haan M M, Russell J R, Davis J D, et al. Grazing management and microclimate effects on cattle distribution relative to a cool season pasture stream[J]. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 2010, 63(5): 572-580.
[30]	Priess J A, Schweitzer C, Wimmer F, et al. The consequences of land-use change and water demands in central Mongolia[J]. Land Use Policy, 2011, 28(1): 4-10.
[31]	Mcilvain E, Shoop M. Shade for improving cattle gains and rangeland use[J]. Journal of Range Management, 1971, 24(3): 181-184.

编号	经度/°E	纬度/°N	采样点名称
K1	91.1625	46.1025	布尔干河
K2	93.4347	47.5772	德勒湖
K3	88.4059	49.0936	白河
K4	88.0147	49.1539	白河
K5	88.9003	49.2442	科布多河
Z3	97.3831	48.8906	台勒门湖
U1	92.0800	49.9792	台林河
Z1	93.7850	49.1744	吉尔吉斯湖
Z2	93.1150	49.3336	吉尔吉斯湖
U2	92.3867	50.1206	乌布苏湖
B1	91.3278	46.0867	布尔干河
C1	99.6725	48.1364	车尔亥察干湖
B2	91.5661	46.1625	布尔干河
B3	91.4100	46.3408	布尔干河
B4	91.3236	46.7700	布尔干河
K6	93.0094	48.0397	哈尔湖
K7	92.0222	47.8531	科布多河
K8	92.7414	48.3283	哈尔乌苏湖
K9	92.2206	48.3500	哈尔乌苏湖
K10	91.9036	48.2436	科布多河
C2	100.3179	48.0947	楚鲁特河
K11	88.4133	48.5981	霍顿湖
K12	89.9794	48.6367	托尔博湖
K13	89.9628	48.9758	博多河
K14	88.5478	48.5753	库尔干湖

统计指标	最大值	最小值	中位数	WHO 2011	中国GB 3838-2002	蒙古国MNS 4586:1998
DO/mg·L^-1	13.47	7.00	8.31	-	≥2	≥6
EC/μS·cm^-1	18900.00	21.80	188.30	-	-	-
pH	9.25	6.97	8.10	6.5~9.2	6~9	6.5~8.5
HCO₃^-/mg·L^-1	1793.99	24.41	109.84	-	-	-
Ca²⁺/mg·L^-1	54.11	6.01	14.03	-	-	-
Cl^-/mg·L^-1	4587.23	4.25	6.38	600	250	300
Mg²⁺/mg·L^-1	593.41	1.22	7.30	-	-	-

统计指标	As	Cd	Pb	Ni	Mn	Fe
最大值	30	-	10	-	70	180
最小值	-	-	-	-	-	-
WHO 2011	10	3	10	70	400	300
中国GB 3838-2002	50	1	10	20	100	300
蒙古国MNS 4586:1998	10	5	10	10	100	-

统计指标	最大值	最小值	中位数	中国 GB3838-2002	蒙古MNS 4586:1998
TP	0.16	-	-	0.4（湖、库0.2）	-
TN	3.65	0.13	0.44	湖、库2.0	-
COD_Mn	22.40	2.56	6.64	15	10
COD	67.20	-	-	40	-
BOD	24.18	-	-	10	-
NH₃-N	4.37	0.12	0.43	2.0	0.5

Spatial distribution characteristics and evaluation of surface water quality in western Mongolia in summer

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 10

References 31

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0

[1]	HUANG Jing, LI Ting, LI Pengfei, Altansukh OCHIR, YANG Meihuan, WANG Tao, LI Sha. Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and its influencing factors of net primary productivity of vegetation in Mongolia form 2000 to 2020 [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(9): 1541-1554.
[2]	TIAN Zhifu, YU Yajuan, HUANG Chenyu. Spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of tourism elements in counties of Inner Mongolia based on POI data [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(7): 1255-1266.
[3]	WANG Zhichun, WANG Yanping, XU Zhenyu, XUE Wenchao. Changes characteristics and dominant factors of potential evapotranspiration in different dry and wet zones of Inner Mongolia [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(4): 612-622.
[4]	YU Yajuan. Spatial structure and influencing factors of public cultural facilities in Inner Mongolia based on POI data [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(3): 528-538.
[5]	LI Wenlong, GUO Jing, LIN Haiying, PAN Xia. Spatio-temporal evolution of ecological-economic values in resource-dependent regions and influencing factors: A case study of Inner Mongolia counties [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(10): 1855-1865.
[6]	CHAO Bao, ZHAO Yuanyuan, WU Haiyan, LI Yuan, SU Ning. Ecosystem services and its response to climate factors in the Mongolian Plateau from 2000 to 2020 [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(9): 1577-1586.
[7]	LI Hui, LIU Tiejun, WANG Shaohui, LIU Dongwei. Spatial and temporal variation of water use efficiency and its influencing factors in desert steppe of Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2021 [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(6): 993-1003.
[8]	XU Wei, LIU Zhenling. Spatial suitability and emission reduction benefits of photovoltaic development in Inner Mongolia [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(4): 684-694.
[9]	LIN Mofei, JIAO Hongyun, LI Zhen. Ecotourism greenway route selection in Inner Mongolia border area: A case of Chen Barag Banner [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(11): 1970-1980.
[10]	NIU Yiying, LI Chunlan, WANG Jun, XU Hanqing, LIU Qing. Performance evaluation of ERA5 reanalysis precipitation data and spatiotemporal characteristics of extreme precipitation in Inner Mongolia [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(9): 1418-1431.
[11]	ZHANG Gangdong, BAO Gang, HUANG Xiaojun, YUAN Zhihui, WEN Durina. Asymmetrical warming in winter and spring and its effect on start of growing season and spring NDVI in Mongolia [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(8): 1238-1249.
[12]	NING Jing, ZHU Ran, ZHANG Xinyuan, CHEN Kai. Evaluation and analysis of urban resilience of districts and counties in Inner Mongolia [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(7): 1217-1226.
[13]	CHEN Yueping, WU Shengli, ZHAO Xin, ZHANG Yijia. Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of extreme temperatures in Hami City in the past 60 years [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(6): 868-879.
[14]	SA Rigai, BAO Yuhai, DOU Yinyin, DONG Yulin, PAN Tao, KUANG Wenhui. Impacts of urban and rural construction on ecosystem productivity in Inner Mongolia Plateau from 2000 to 2020 [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(6): 922-933.
[15]	ZHANG Gangdong, BAO Gang, YUAN Zhihui, WEN Durina. Effects of asymmetric warming of daytime and nighttime on the start of growing season on the Mongolian Plateau from 2001 to 2020 [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(5): 700-710.