生态输水背景下黑河流域生态系统服务的时空演变特征及驱动力研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.590

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 黑河流域生态调水等政策实施有效缓解了该流域生态环境恶化趋势，生态环境质量显著改善。在该流域目前已有的研究成果中，针对生态系统服务时空演变特征的研究时段较短、区域局限，且大多未对其受环境治理政策及其他驱动因素影响进行定性定量分析。以黑河流域为研究区域，旨在揭示1990—2022年产水深度、生境质量、碳储存量和土壤保持量的时空演变特征，通过耦合InVEST-PLUS模型评估生态输水对下游生态系统服务的影响，并利用地理探测器解析驱动因素。结果表明：（1）2000年后，流域碳储存量和生境质量整体呈增加趋势，产水深度与土壤保持量则呈先增后减趋势。空间上呈现“南高北低”阶梯状分布，高值集中于祁连山区，低值分布于中下游荒漠带。（2）下游碳储量、生境质量与正义峡年均径流量显著正相关（P<0.05）。相较于自然发展情景，生态输水使两者在实际情景下呈现逐年增加趋势。（3）地理探测器各驱动因子中，数字高程、气温、降水量和潜在蒸散发占主导地位。地理探测器结果显示因子交互解释力对生态系统服务的影响高于单因子解释力。研究结果可为黑河流域生态治理与水资源配置提供科学依据。

关键词: 生态系统服务, InVEST-PLUS耦合模型, 驱动力研究, 黑河流域

Abstract:

The implementation of ecological water diversion policies in the Heihe River Basin, northwest China has significantly mitigated ecological degradation, leading to marked improvements in environmental quality. However, previous studies examining the spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem services in this basin have been limited by short timeframes and narrow regional focus. Moreover, most have lacked integrated qualitative and quantitative assessments of the effects of environmental governance policies and other driving forces. This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of water yield depth, habitat quality, carbon storage, and soil conservation from 1990 to 2022 across the Heihe River Basin. The impact of ecological water conveyance on downstream ecosystem services is evaluated by coupling the InVEST-PLUS model, and a geographic detector is employed to identify key driving factors. The findings reveal that: (1) Post-2000, carbon storage and habitat quality showed an overall increasing trend, while water yield depth and soil conservation initially increased and then declined. Spatially, ecosystem services exhibited a stepwise pattern of “higher in the south, lower in the north”, with high values concentrated in the Qilian Mountains and low values in the barren middle and lower reaches. (2) Downstream carbon storage and habitat quality were significantly positively correlated (P<0.05) with annual runoff at Zhengyi Gorge. Under actual scenarios, ecological water conveyance promoted consistent upward trends compared to natural development scenarios. (3) According to the geographic detector, digital elevation model, temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration were the dominant driving factors. The interactive explanatory power of combined factors surpassed that of individual factors. These results provide a scientific basis for ecological governance and water resource allocation in the Heihe River Basin.

Key words: ecosystem services, InVEST-PLUS coupled model, driving forces research, Heihe River Basin

王嘉伟, 董国涛, 蒋晓辉, 聂桐, 李跃红. 生态输水背景下黑河流域生态系统服务的时空演变特征及驱动力研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2025, 48(8): 1406-1420.

WANG Jiawei, DONG Guotao, JIANG Xiaohui, NIE Tong, LI Yuehong. Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving forces of ecosystem services in the Heihe River Basin under the context of ecological water conveyance[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(8): 1406-1420.

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数据类型	分辨率	数据来源
月均降水量	1 km×1 km	国家青藏高原中心（https://data.tpdc.ac.cn）
月均潜在蒸散发	1 km×1 km	国家青藏高原中心（https://data.tpdc.ac.cn）
月均气温	1 km×1 km	国家青藏高原中心（https://data.tpdc.ac.cn）
土地利用类型	30 m×30 m	地球大数据科学工程数据共享平台（https://data.casearth.cn/）
土壤数据	1 km×1 km	联合国粮农组织（https://www.fao.org/home/en/）
数字高程	90 m×90 m	地理空间数据云（https://www.gscloud.cn/）
根系深度	1 km×1 km	Scientific Data-Nature（https://www.nature.com/sdata/）
植被归一化指数	30 m×30 m	科学数据银行（https://www.scidb.cn/en）
人口密度	1 km×1 km	北京树谷信息科技有限公司（https://www.bjsgxxkj.com/）
国内生产总值	1 km×1 km	北京树谷信息科技有限公司（https://www.bjsgxxkj.com/）

年份	产水深度/mm			土壤保持量/t·hm^-2			碳储存量/t·hm^-2			生境质量
年份	上游	中游	下游	上游	中游	下游	上游	中游	下游	上游	中游	下游
1990	65.57	20.02	15.53×10^-5	7429.93	2687.58	1.42	242.29	161.29	33.52	0.6851	0.4088	0.0445
1995	84.67	26.23	32.24×10^-5	8329.02	3025.15	1.56	242.09	160.31	33.26	0.6892	0.4105	0.0392
2000	112.96	33.22	6.70×10^-5	9934.19	3516.55	1.27	242.46	160.25	33.55	0.6983	0.4307	0.0468
2005	149.34	41.58	6.40×10^-5	11519.35	3875.54	1.25	242.39	160.23	34.15	0.6970	0.4271	0.0484
2010	172.02	53.29	21.31×10^-5	12759.41	4484.87	1.44	242.61	161.00	34.94	0.6959	0.4282	0.0515
2015	109.78	31.43	5.10×10^-5	9655.20	3361.11	1.26	242.01	160.78	34.82	0.6881	0.4262	0.0512
2020	61.88	16.85	0.88×10^-5	7294.06	2421.13	1.06	242.04	162.30	35.33	0.6853	0.4254	0.0531
2022	71.82	22.41	0.73×10^-5	6833.22	2451.68	1.01	242.78	162.16	35.16	0.6854	0.4235	0.0532

年份	产水深度		土壤保持量		碳储存量		生境质量
年份	I_global	P值	I_global	P值	I_global	P值	I_global	P值
1990	0.9387	0.0000	0.9020	0.0000	0.9648	0.0000	0.9570	0.0000
2022	0.9530	0.0000	0.9058	0.0000	0.9645	0.0000	0.9589	0.0000

聚类类型	产水深度		土壤保持量		碳储存量		生境质量
聚类类型	1990年	2022年	1990年	2022年	1990年	2022年	1990年	2022年
高-高聚类	12.69	12.94	16.27	16.09	32.66	32.63	25.34	23.62
高-低聚类	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01
不显著区域	44.74	44.41	44.86	44.13	33.72	34.53	41.04	44.48
低-低聚类	42.57	42.65	38.84	39.76	33.59	32.82	33.58	31.88
低-高聚类	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.01

年份	年均径流量/10⁸m³	产水深度/10^-5mm	土壤保持量/t·hm^-2	碳储存量/t·hm^-2	生境质量
1990	8.62	15.53	1.42	33.52	0.0445
1995	7.26	32.24	1.56	33.26	0.0392
2000	7.96	6.70	1.27	33.55	0.0468
2005	9.22	6.40	1.25	34.15	0.0484
2010	11.26	21.31	1.44	34.94	0.0515
2015	12.70	5.10	1.26	34.82	0.0512
2020	14.35	0.88	1.06	35.33	0.0532
2022	12.36	0.73	1.01	35.16	0.0532