山西黄河流域水生态系统服务时空分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.346

干旱区地理 ›› 2024, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (6): 1047-1060.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.346

山西黄河流域水生态系统服务时空分析

侯晋星¹^,²(), 潘换换¹^,², 杜自强¹^,²(), 武志涛¹^,², 张红¹^,²

1.山西大学黄土高原研究所，山西太原 030006
2.山西亚高山草地生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站，山西忻州 036707

收稿日期:2023-07-08 修回日期:2023-10-07 出版日期:2024-06-25 发布日期:2024-07-09
通讯作者: 杜自强（1974-），男，博士，教授，主要从事植被与生态遥感、土地变化科学、生态系统服务与人居福祉研究. E-mail: duzq@sxu.edu.cn
作者简介:侯晋星（1996-），女，硕士研究生，主要从事生态系统服务研究. E-mail: m14735850096@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFF1305102);国家自然科学基金(U1810101);黄河流域生态系统固碳增汇山西省科技创新人才团队建设项目(202204051001010);山西省研究生教育创新项目(2023KY030)

Spatiotemporal analysis of water ecosystem services of the Yellow River Basin in Shanxi Province

HOU Jinxing¹^,²(), PAN Huanhuan¹^,², DU Ziqiang¹^,²(), WU Zhitao¹^,², ZHANG Hong¹^,²

1. Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
2. Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of China’s Ministry of Education for Shanxi Alpine Grassland Ecosystem, Xinzhou 036707, Shanxi, China

Received:2023-07-08 Revised:2023-10-07 Published:2024-06-25 Online:2024-07-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态系统服务是支撑经济社会发展和人类生存条件的要素，其中水生态系统服务对于维持人类生产生活以及生态环境等都具有重要意义。然而，目前对流域水生态服务研究相对薄弱。基于InVEST（Integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade offs）模型量化了山西黄河流域2000—2020年的产水量、水源涵养和水质净化服务的时空分布格局。探讨了气候条件和土地利用与产水量、水源涵养和水质净化服务之间的关系。结果表明：（1）近20 a，流域的产水量出现了波动上升的变化，且高峰值的出现在2020年，达152.37 mm。在空间上产水量分布差异明显，高值区范围扩大，低值区范围缩小。土地利用和气候变化共同影响山西黄河流域产水服务时空变化。气候变化对流域产水服务的贡献率远大于土地利用变化。（2）近20 a，流域水源涵养量与产水量变化趋势基本一致，整体呈波动上升趋势。高峰值的出现在2020年，达100.32 mm。空间上，林地水源涵养量增加最多，其次为草地，降水量大且蒸散相对较小的地区水源涵养能力显著高于其他地区。相比土地利用，气候因素对水源涵养量的影响更大。（3）在水质净化方面，同时期流域N、P输出量呈现逐年递减的态势，在2020年N、P输出量均达到最低值，分别为0.4739 kg·hm^-2和0.0366 kg·hm^-2。空间上，山区和丘陵地区的N、P输出量显著低于平原和盆地。人类农业活动特别是对农业用地中化肥的广泛投入是造成水环境污染的主要原因，同时伴随城市化发展的不透水地面的扩张也会对研究区水质净化造成一定的影响。研究结果可为山西黄河流域水生态系统保护及生态补偿与流域科学管理提供参考。

关键词: 生态系统服务, 产水量, 水源涵养, 水质净化, 黄河流域

Abstract:

Ecosystem services support economic and social development and human living conditions, with water ecosystem services being particularly significant for maintaining human production, life, and the ecological environment. However, research on water ecological services in the river basin is currently relatively weak. This paper applies the water production and quality purification module of the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs model to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of water production, water source conservation, and water purification services of the Yellow River Basin in Shanxi Province from 2000 to 2020. It discusses the relationship between climate and land use and water production, water source conservation, and water purification. The results show that: (1) Over the past 20 years, water production in the basin has fluctuated and increased, with the peak value appearing in 2020 at 152.37 mm. The distribution difference of water production in space is noticeable; the range of high-value areas is enlarged, and the range of low-value areas is narrowed. Land use and climate change affect the spatiotemporal changes in water production and service of the Yellow River Basin in Shanxi Province. The water production capacity of different land use types varies from 2000 to 2020, and the contribution rate of climate change to water production services is significantly greater than that of land use change. (2) Over the past 20 years, the changing trend of water conservation and production has been the same, with the peak value occurring in 2020 at 100.32 mm. Water conservation in the basin has fluctuated and increased. Spatially, woodland has shown the most significant increase in water conservation capacity, followed by grassland, and areas with large precipitation and relatively small evapotranspiration have a significantly higher water conservation capacity than other areas. Climate factors have a greater influence on water conservation than land use type. (3) Over the past 20 years, nitrogen and phosphorus output in the basin has shown a yearly decreasing trend, reaching its lowest value in 2020 at 0.4739 kg·hm⁻² and 0.0366 kg·hm⁻², respectively. Spatially, the nitrogen and phosphorus output in mountainous and hilly areas is significantly lower than that in plains and basins. Human agricultural activities, especially the extensive input of fertilizer in agricultural land, are the leading cause of water environment pollution, and the urbanization-induced expansion of impervious ground will impact water purification in the study area. This study can provide a reference for water ecosystem protection, ecological compensation, and scientific management of the Yellow River Basin in Shanxi Province.

Key words: ecosystem service, water yield, water conservation, water purification, Yellow River Basin

侯晋星, 潘换换, 杜自强, 武志涛, 张红. 山西黄河流域水生态系统服务时空分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(6): 1047-1060.

HOU Jinxing, PAN Huanhuan, DU Ziqiang, WU Zhitao, ZHANG Hong. Spatiotemporal analysis of water ecosystem services of the Yellow River Basin in Shanxi Province[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(6): 1047-1060.

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基础数据	数据来源	分辨率	年份	处理方法
土地利用数据	国家冰川冻土沙漠科学数据中心（http://www.ncdc.ac.cn）	30 m	2000—2020	ArcGIS裁剪投影
日均降水量数据	国家气象科学数据中心（http://data.cma.cn）	1 km	2000—2020	ArcGIS裁剪投影
年均潜在蒸散量	国家青藏高原科学数据中心（http://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/）	1 km	2000—2020	ArcGIS裁剪投影
HWSD土壤数据库	寒旱区科学数据中心（http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn）	1 km	2009	ArcGIS裁剪投影
DEM高程数据	地理空间数据云平台（http://www.gscloud.cn）	90 m	2000	ArcGIS裁剪投影
植物有效含水量	HWSD土壤数据库	1 km	2009	通过对土壤类型的质地及土壤有机质含量计算获取
土壤饱和含水量	HWSD土壤数据库	1 km	2009	基于土壤类型的质地（土壤黏粒、粉粒、砂砾百分比含量）等因素计算获得
地形指数	HWSD土壤数据库	1 km	2009	根据土壤深度、百分坡度和汇水面积计算
Zhang系数	模型手册及文献	-	-	参考已有研究成果和InVEST模型手册
流速系数	模型手册及文献	-	-	参照模型数据库进行赋值
生物物理参数	模型手册及文献	-	-	参考已有研究成果和InVEST模型手册

情景设置	影响因素
情景设置	气候数据	土地利用数据
情景1	2000年	2005—2020年
情景2	2005—2020年	2000年

产水量	2000年	2005年	2010年	2015年	2020年
实际/mm	95.40	131.93	139.65	137.42	152.37
情景1/mm	95.40	95.46	98.89	99.01	99.83
情景2/mm	95.40	131.18	137.27	135.88	150.18
气候贡献率/%	-	98.0	94.5	96.2	96.0
土地利用贡献率/%	-	2.0	5.5	3.8	4.0

水源涵养量	2000年	2005年	2010年	2015年	2020年
实际/mm	62.85	86.49	89.53	88.55	100.32
情景1/mm	62.93	64.86	65.25	63.88	64.49
情景2/mm	62.93	85.12	89.14	87.42	99.35
气候贡献率/%	-	94.0	98.4	95.6	97.4
土地利用贡献率/%	-	6.0	1.6	4.4	2.6

P输出量	2000年	2005年	2010年	2015年	2020年
实际/kg·hm^-2	0.0378	0.0387	0.0377	0.0374	0.0366
情景1/kg·hm^-2	0.0378	0.0392	0.0381	0.0380	0.0362
情景2/kg·hm^-2	0.0378	0.0373	0.0369	0.0367	0.0370
气候贡献率/%	-	26.3	33.3	46.2	44.4
土地利用贡献率/%	-	73.7	66.7	53.8	55.6

山西黄河流域水生态系统服务时空分析

Spatiotemporal analysis of water ecosystem services of the Yellow River Basin in Shanxi Province

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N输出量	2000年	2005年	2010年	2015年	2020年
实际/kg·hm^-2	0.4703	0.4884	0.4787	0.4804	0.4739
情景1/kg·hm^-2	0.4703	0.4945	0.4864	0.4921	0.4692
情景2/kg·hm^-2	0.4703	0.4641	0.4649	0.4646	0.4585
气候贡献率/%	-	20.1	35.8	42.5	23.4
土地利用贡献率/%	-	79.9	64.2	57.5	76.6

地类	2000年	2005年	2010年	2015年	2020年
未分类地区	0.004	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.002
农田	37.507	36.429	34.628	35.218	35.225
林地	23.255	24.407	25.712	27.889	27.873
灌木	1.289	1.220	0.729	0.513	0.512
草地	34.520	34.435	34.866	31.484	31.492
水域	0.259	0.190	0.204	0.233	0.235
裸地	0.003	0.002	0.003	0.008	0.009
不透水面	3.163	3.316	3.857	4.655	4.652

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地类	2000年	2005年	2010年	2015年	2020年
未分类地区	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.002
农田	37.441	36.515	34.671	34.853	35.309
林地	23.152	23.884	25.142	25.994	27.425
灌木	1.275	1.096	0.673	0.677	0.498
草地	35.080	34.922	35.354	33.935	31.827
水域	0.135	0.168	0.201	0.232	0.228
裸地	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.005	0.007
不透水面	2.913	3.412	3.956	4.304	4.704