青藏高原东北部实际蒸散发时空变化特征及影响因素

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.395

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 研究青藏高原东北部实际蒸散发时空变化特征及影响因素对区域水资源合理利用、生态环境治理具有重要意义。以位于青藏高原东北部的青海省为研究区，利用2001—2020年MOD16遥感产品的实际蒸散发（MOD16 ET）数据，分析了该地区近20 a来实际蒸散发的时空格局、变化过程及其影响因素。结果表明：（1） 2001—2020年青海省多年平均实际蒸散发为260 mm·a^-1，实际蒸散发年际变化呈波动增长的态势，波动周期呈现增长的趋势，年际平均变化率为2%。实际蒸散发增加的区域占总面积的69.69%，减少的区域占总面积的16.51%，其中祁连山区以及江河源生态区东部区域实际蒸散发呈增加趋势。青海省实际蒸散发季节性变化明显，夏季实际蒸散发最大，冬季最小，春季和秋季基本相同。（2） 2001—2020年青海省实际蒸散空间上呈现西北部低、东南部高的分布特征；各生态分区实际蒸散发差异较大，三江河源区、祁连山地是青海省实际蒸散发最大的分布区域，柴达木盆地生态区实际蒸散发最小。主要植被覆盖类型的实际蒸散发排序依次为：灌丛>林地>草地>耕地。（3） 2001—2020年青海省实际蒸散发波动变化与年平均气温的变化基本一致；实际蒸散发增加与年总降水量波动增加趋势基本一致，但峰值滞后于年总降水量变化。（4）实际蒸散发与年平均气温正相关的区域占研究区总面积的73%，与年总降水量正相关的区域占研究区总面积的56%，与日照时数正相关的区域占研究区总面积的43%，与平均风速正相关的区域占研究区总面积的44%。青海省实际蒸散发主要受气温、降水量的控制，同时也受到日照时数、风速的影响，影响实际蒸散发变化的气候因子存在显著的区域差异。

关键词: 蒸散发, 时空变化, 影响因素, 青藏高原东北部, 青海省

Abstract:

The spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of actual evapotranspiration (ET) in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are crucial for the effective management of regional water resources and the ecological environment. Using Qinghai Province, located in this region, as the study area, this study analyzed actual ET data (MOD16 ET) from 2001 to 2020 to explore the spatiotemporal patterns, variation trends, and influencing factors over the past 20 years. The results indicate the following: (1) The average annual actual evapotranspiration in Qinghai Province from 2001 to 2020 was 260 mm·a^-1, showing a fluctuating increasing trend. The fluctuation period also showed an increasing trend, with an average interannual change rate of 2%. Areas where actual ET increased accounts for 69.69% of the total area, and areas where it decreased accounted for 16.51%. Among them, the Qilian Mountains area and the eastern part of the river source ecological zone exhibited an increasing trend in actual ET. The seasonal variation of actual ET in Qinghai Province was significant, with the maximum in summer, the minimum in winter, and similar values in spring and autumn. (2) The average actual ET in Qinghai Province from 2001 to 2020 showed a spatial distribution characteristic of being low in the northwest and high in the southeast. There were large differences in actual ET among various ecological zones in Qinghai Province, with the Three River Source area and the Qilian Mountains area exhibiting the largest actual ET distribution, and the Qaidam Basin ecological zone had the smallest actual ET. The actual ET of the main vegetation cover types was ranked as follows: shrubland>forest land>grassland>arable land. (3) The fluctuating changes in actual ET in Qinghai Province from 2001 to 2020 were basically consistent with temperature variations. The increase in actual ET largely corresponded to the increasing trend of precipitation fluctuations, but the peak lagged behind changes in precipitation. (4) Actual ET was positively correlated with annual average temperature, annual total precipitation, sunshine duration, and average wind speed in 73%, 56%, 43%, and 44% of the total study area, respectively. Temperature and precipitation were the primary controlling factors of actual ET, whereas sunshine duration and wind speed also exerted notable influences. There were significant regional differences in the factors affecting the changes in actual evapotranspiration.

Key words: evapotranspiration, spatiotemporal variation, influencing factors, northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Qinghai Province

卢晗, 曾永年, 王盼成. 青藏高原东北部实际蒸散发时空变化特征及影响因素[J]. 干旱区地理, 2025, 48(5): 753-764.

LU Han, ZENG Yongnian, WANG Pancheng. Spatiotemporal variation of actual evapotranspiration and its influencing factors in the northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(5): 753-764.

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一级生态分区	多年平均实际蒸散发/mm·a^-1	二级生态分区	多年平均实际蒸散发/mm·a^-1
帕米尔-昆仑山-阿尔金山生态区（I）	91.56	阿尔金山荒漠生态区（I-1）	6.76
帕米尔-昆仑山-阿尔金山生态区（I）	91.56	昆仑山东段高寒荒漠草原生态区（I-2）	119.58
柴达木盆地生态区（II）	64.75	柴达木盆地荒漠生态区（II-1）	60.95
柴达木盆地生态区（II）	64.75	柴达木盆地东北部山地高寒荒漠草原生态区（II-2）	79.03
祁连山生态区（III）	326.58	西祁连山高寒荒漠草原生态区（III-1）	252.54
		东祁连山云杉林高寒草甸生态区（III-2）	393.24
		青海湖湿地及上游高寒草甸生态区（III-3）	310.18
		湟水谷地农业生态区（III-4）	344.11
北羌塘高寒荒漠草原生态区（IV）	227.95	-	-
江河源生态区（V）	388.82	长江源高寒草甸草原生态区（V-1）	380.58
		澜沧江源高寒草甸草原生态区（V-2）	385.92
		黄河源高寒草甸草原生态区（V-3）	420.32
		共和盆地高寒草原生态区（V-4）	299.57
		海东-甘南高寒草甸草原生态区（V-5）	381.76