中国国家级自然保护区时空分布特征与空间网络构建

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.567

Abstract

Abstract:

This study examines 474 national nature reserves in China from 1956 to 2023, utilizing kernel density estimation to analyze their spatiotemporal distribution patterns. A social network analysis model is then employed to measure the attributes of these reserves and to propose integrated protection strategies. The findings reveal the following. (1) The evolution of China’s national nature reserves can be categorized into four distinct stages: Preliminary exploration, vigorous development, slow development, and consolidation and improvement. This development has resulted in a spatial pattern characterized by large and scattered reserves in the west, and small and clustered reserves in the east. (2) Topological analysis reveals that the nodes within the national nature reserve network exhibit strong cohesion, small-world characteristics, and a prominent “core-periphery” effect. (3) The network’s spatial pattern demonstrates significant heterogeneity among protection clusters, forming a “triangular” framework for reserve aggregation, with key vertices located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Northeast Plain, the Changbai Mountain area, and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Based on the natural endowments and geographic conditions of these reserve clusters, we propose corresponding integrated protection strategies from the perspective of the association network, aimed at providing guidance for the integration and optimization of nature reserves.

Key words: national nature reserves, social network analysis, spatiotemporal distribution characteristics, spatial pattern, integrated protection strategies

LI Hongfei, CHANG Kai. Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and spatial network construction of national nature reserves in China[J].Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(11): 1971-1982.

Figures/Tables 13

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Main characteristics of national nature reserves clusters and strategies for their integration"

集群编号	主要类型	整合保护策略
1	湿地生态	依托大兴安岭和呼伦湖等自然资源，进一步完善中国东北段防沙带的构建
2	湿地生态	强化森林、湿地2大类型的联动保护，形成以长白山脉为发展轴线、中心节点引领的保护区整合形态
3	森林生态	作为保护区集群的中介中心，应借助长江干、支流等已有线性生态廊道，强化集群内、外的关联性，并整合集群内具有相似保护内容的保护区，强化生境连续性的同时保障全国保护区集群之间的网络关联安全
4	野生动物	结合区位优势与资源禀赋，形成以热带气候为特色的海洋、森林为主导类型的自然保护区集群，是中国沿海生态屏障中最重要的一环
5	森林生态	该地区为保护区零碎化最严重的集群之一，应在坚守生态保护红线和城镇开发边界的前提下，以相似类型合并、保护范围调整的措施构建生态廊道，强化生境连续性
6	野生动物	系统整合该集群内部荒漠、草甸等特色资源，以黄河干、支流为线性生态廊道，形成以自然生态为主导类型，自然遗迹为特色的保护区集群
7	森林生态	将宜荒则荒、量水而行作为整合原则，与5号保护区集群共同强化黄河流域生态系统的稳定性
8	湿地生态	以松花江干、支流为发展轴线，串联并整合集群内湿地、草原等自然保护区
9	森林生态	利用金沙江、乌蒙山等线性生态廊道为发展轴线，采用相似类型合并，重叠交叉优化等措施，形成以森林生态为主导类型的自然保护区集群
10	荒漠生态	将宜荒则荒、量水而行作为整合原则，围绕祁连山脉构建中国北部防沙带
11	森林生态	基于中心性测度所表征出的特点，应先将集群内保护区按照自然生态和自然遗迹进行类型整合，依靠区域内努鲁儿虎山等山脉、河流作为轴线，优化保护区边界，构建多层次的生态片区
12	森林生态	通过调整保护区范围、合并相似保护区，以此强化集群内保护区之间关联性，围绕南岭山脉形成森林生态为主的保护区集群
13	野生动物	以可可西里、羌塘等自然保护区为重点生态功能区，强化“两江四河”水源涵养林、护岸林的综合整治，扩大野生动物生存空间
14	森林生态	重点围绕大小兴安岭构建以森林生态为主、湿地生态为辅的东北森林带片区
15	野生动物	将宜荒则荒、量水而行作为整合原则，围绕祁连山脉构建中国北部防沙带
16	森林生态	以吕梁山、黄河为发展轴线，合并同类、吸收相似保护地为措施，保障黄河中下游湿地安全和生物多样性
17	荒漠生态	以宜荒则荒、量水而行为整合原则，围绕天山山脉进一步完善北部防沙带建设

Tab. 4

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一级分类	二级分类	数量/处	百分比/%
自然生态系统类	草原草甸	4	0.84
	海洋海岸	17	3.59
	荒漠生态	11	2.32
	森林生态	221	46.62
	湿地生态	65	13.71
野生生物类	野生动物	121	25.53
野生生物类	野生植物	17	3.59
自然遗迹类	地质遗迹	12	2.53
自然遗迹类	古生物遗迹	6	1.27

准则层	指标层	指标解释与测度
地理联系	空间距离	衡量自然保护区的地理联系强度。通过全国公路数据集构建目的地（OD）成本矩阵，计算保护区之间的交通距离并求倒数，最后将数据归一化处理后得到保护区的地理联系强度
生态联系	保护物种	计算自然保护区所保护物种类型的关联强度。结合保护区的类型划分以及所保护对象的一级分类，赋值同属一级分类，有相同或相似保护对象的自然保护区为1，不同分类为0
面积联系	生态规模	衡量自然保护区生态保护规模之间的联系。根据前文所划分的5类国家级自然保护区规模，赋值同一规模的国家级自然保护区为1，不同规模为0
时代联系	创建时期	衡量自然保护区成立的时间联系强度。基于前文划分的自然保护区发展阶段，赋值同一时间阶段的国家级自然保护区为1，不同时间阶段为0

准则层	指标层	层次分析法权重	德尔菲法权重	综合权重
地理联系	空间距离	0.3822	0.48	0.4311
生态联系	保护物种	0.3102	0.34	0.3251
面积联系	生态规模	0.2411	0.17	0.2055
时代联系	创建时期	0.0667	0.01	0.0383

Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and spatial network construction of national nature reserves in China

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