不同影响因素下盐结皮蒸发阻力定量模拟研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.079

Abstract

Abstract:

Salt crusts are a typical surface structure in arid regions and significantly affect soil-atmosphere water transfer processes. The evaporation resistance of salt crusts is a key controlling parameter in the soil water-vapor evaporation process. However, quantitative understanding of salt crust evaporation resistance under varying influencing factors remains limited. Therefore, this study employs simulation experiments and theoretical analyses to dynamically monitor and analyze salt crust formation and the evolution of evaporation resistance under the influences of soil particle size (fine sand: 0.10-0.25 mm; coarse sand: 0.50-0.85 mm), radiation (200 W·m^-2, 500 W·m^-2, and 800 W·m^-2), salt concentration (5.0% and 17.5% NaCl), wind speed (3.5 m·s^-1 and 8.0 m·s^-1), hydraulic conditions (with and without fixed groundwater), and evolution time. Using the Shapley additive explanation method, we quantified the contributions of the various factors and ranked their relative importance. The results were as follows: (1) Salt crust evaporation resistance increased continuously over time. At the end of the experiment, the maximum evaporation resistance (9.39×10⁴ s·m^-1) occurred under the DL3 treatment (5.0% NaCl, no fixed groundwater, 800 W·m^-2 radiation, fine sand), whereas the minimum resistance (293.08 s·m^-1) was observed under the WH2 treatment (5.0% NaCl, fixed groundwater, 8.0 m·s^-1 wind speed, fine sand). (2) The contribution ranking of the influencing factors was: hydraulic condition>radiation>evolution time>soil particle size>salt concentration>wind speed. Among these factors, radiation exerted a significant positive effect, whereas soil particle size had a negative impact on salt crust evaporation resistance. These findings provide theoretical support for the quantitative characterization of salt crust evaporation resistance.

Key words: salt crust, evaporation resistance, influencing factors, SHAP method

LI Jialin, LI Xinhu, WANG Hongchao, CUI Mengmeng, GUO Yubo, JIN Haodong, REN Xiaoxiao. Quantitative modeling of evaporation resistance in salt crusts under varying influencing factors[J].Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(1): 80-93.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Tab. 2

Parameter evaluation of salt crust evaporation resistance fitted by gaussian process regression"

处理	$σ f 2$	$L$	$σ n 2$	R²	RMSE/s·m^-1	MAE/s·m^-1
DL1	3.16	1.07	0.32	0.99	629.75	395.63
DL2	3.16	0.75	0.32	0.98	1976.54	1353.40
DL3	3.16	0.95	0.32	0.99	3397.44	2397.40
DL4	3.16	0.75	0.32	0.99	112.70	70.43
DL5	3.16	0.83	0.32	0.99	315.91	205.14
DL6	3.16	0.98	0.32	0.99	574.54	379.45
GL1	3.16	0.45	0.32	0.91	35.33	22.82
GL2	3.16	0.33	0.32	0.98	96.02	52.17
GL3	3.16	0.29	0.32	0.95	590.91	369.99
GL4	3.16	0.31	0.32	0.97	53.99	36.26
GL5	3.16	0.39	0.32	0.98	92.66	62.57
GL6	3.16	0.46	0.32	0.97	229.17	140.30
GH1	3.16	1.20	0.32	0.81	19.91	15.29
GH2	3.16	1.08	0.32	0.81	16.31	13.29
GH3	3.16	0.85	0.32	0.98	79.05	50.67
GH4	3.16	0.78	0.32	0.96	137.31	105.35
GH5	3.16	1.16	0.32	0.99	72.41	58.69
GH6	3.16	0.80	0.32	0.99	391.60	292.87
WH1	3.16	1.08	0.32	0.98	20.48	15.13
WH2	3.16	0.59	0.32	0.94	34.04	24.83
WH3	3.16	0.72	0.32	0.98	42.61	31.29
WH4	3.16	0.45	0.32	0.97	49.82	32.03

Tab. 2

Fig. 9

References 44

[1]	Shokri N. Pore-scale dynamics of salt transport and distribution in drying porous media[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2014, 26(1): 191-209.
[2]	Sghaier N, Prat M. Effect of efflorescence formation on drying kinetics of porous media[J]. Transport in Porous Media, 2009, 80(3): 441-454. doi: 10.1007/s11242-009-9373-6
[3]	Shokri-Kuehni S M S, Sahimi M, Shokri N. A personal perspective on prediction of saline water evaporation from porous media[J]. Drying Technology, 2022, 40(4): 691-696. doi: 10.1080/07373937.2021.1999256
[4]	Nachshon U, Weisbrod N. Beyond the salt crust: On combined evaporation and subflorescent salt precipitation in porous media[J]. Transport in Porous Media, 2015, 110(2): 295-310. doi: 10.1007/s11242-015-0514-9
[5]	Gran M, Carrera J, Massana J, et al. Dynamics of water vapor flux and water separation processes during evaporation from a salty dry soil[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2011, 396(3-4): 215-220. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.011
[6]	Gupta S, Huinink H P, Pel L, et al. How ferrocyanide influences NaCl crystallization under different humidity conditions[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2014, 14(4): 1591-1599. doi: 10.1021/cg4015459
[7]	Desarnaud J, Derluyn H, Molari L, et al. Drying of salt contaminated porous media: Effect of primary and secondary nucleation[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2015, 118(11): 1541-1551.
[8]	Wang H C, Li X H, Guo M, et al. Effect of salt types on salt precipitation and water transport in saline sandy soil[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2024, 38(3): e15123, doi: 10.1002/hyp.15123.
[9]	Li X H, Shi F Z. Effects of evolving salt precipitation on the evaporation and temperature of sandy soil with a fixed groundwater table[J]. Vadose Zone Journal, 2022, 20(3): e20122, doi: 10.1002/vzj2.20122.
[10]	Nachshon U, Weisbrod N, Dragila M I, et al. Combined evaporation and salt precipitation in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media[J]. Water Resources Research, 2011, 47(3): W03513, doi: 10.1029/2010WR009677.
[11]	Eloukabi H, Sghaier N, Prat M, et al. Drying experiments in a hydrophobic model porous medium in the presence of a dissolved salt[J]. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 2011, 34(7): 1085-1094. doi: 10.1002/ceat.v34.7
[12]	Wen W, Lai Y, You Z. Numerical modeling of water-heat-vapor-salt transport in unsaturated soil under evaporation[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2020, 159: 120114, doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120114.
[13]	Li X H, Guo M. Experimental study of evaporation flux, salt precipitation, and surface temperature on homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media[J]. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2022, 2022: 7434471, doi: 10.1155/2022/7434471.
[14]	Shokri N, Hassani A, Sahimi M. Multi-scale soil salinization dynamics from global to pore scale: A review[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2024, 62(4): e2023RG000804, doi: 10.1029/2023RG000804.
[15]	Shokri-Kuehni S M S, Raaijmakers B, Kurz T, et al. Water table depth and soil salinization: From pore-scale processes to field-scale responses[J]. Water Resources Research, 2020, 56(2): e2019WR026707, doi: 10.1029/2019WR026707.
[16]	Li X H, Shi F Z. The effect of flooding on evaporation and the groundwater table for a salt-crusted soil[J]. Water, 2019, 11(5): 1003, doi: 10.3390/w11051003.
[17]	王晓静, 徐新文, 雷加强, 等. 咸水滴灌下林带的盐结皮时空分布规律[J]. 干旱区研究, 2006, 23(3): 399-404.
	[Wang Xiaojing, Xu Xinwen, Lei Jiaqiang, et al. Spatiotemporal distribution of salt crust in a shelter-forest belt under drip-irrigation with salt water[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2006, 23(3): 399-404.]
[18]	张建国, 徐新文, 雷加强, 等. 沙漠地区咸水滴灌林地盐结皮层化学特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2009, 26(2): 255-260.
	[Zhang Jianguo, Xu Xinwen, Lei Jiaqiang, et al. Chemical properties of the salt crust layer in shelterbelts under drip irrigation with saline water in a mobile desert[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2009, 26(2): 255-260.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1148.2009.00255
[19]	段钊, 李瑞怡, 宋昆, 等. 盐风化作用下黄土结构的破坏特征与机理[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(12): 2041-2050. doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.152
	[Duan Zhao, Li Ruiyi, Song Kun, et al. Damage characteristics and mechanisms of soil structures under salt weathering[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(12): 2041-2050.] doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.152
[20]	Li X H, Shi F Z. Salt precipitation and evaporative flux on sandy soil with saline groundwater under different evaporation demand conditions[J]. Soil Research, 2021, 60(2): 187-196. doi: 10.1071/SR21111
[21]	Li X H, Wang H C. Effect of salt crust on the soil temperature of wet sandy soils[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2025, 362: 110346, doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110346.
[22]	Li X H, Guo M, Wang H C. Impact of soil texture and salt type on salt precipitation and evaporation under different hydraulic conditions[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2022, 36(11): e14763, doi: 10.1002/hyp.14763.
[23]	Rad M N, Shokri N, Keshmiri A, et al. Effects of grain and pore size on salt precipitation during evaporation from porous media[J]. Transport in Porous Media, 2015, 110(2): 281-294. doi: 10.1007/s11242-015-0515-8
[24]	Eloukabi H, Sghaier N, Ben Nasrallah S, et al. Experimental study of the effect of sodium chloride on drying of porous media: The crusty-patchy efflorescence transition[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2013, 56(1-2): 80-93. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.09.045
[25]	Rad M N, Shokri N, Sahimi M. Pore-scale dynamics of salt precipitation in drying porous media[J]. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physic, 2013, 88(3): 032404, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.88.032404.
[26]	Argaman E, Singer A, Tsoar H. Erodibility of some crust forming soils/sediments from the southern aral sea basin as determined in a wind tunnel[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2006, 31(1): 47-63. doi: 10.1002/esp.v31:1
[27]	Dai S, Shin H, Santamarina J C. Formation and development of salt crusts on soil surfaces[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2016, 11(5): 1103-1109. doi: 10.1007/s11440-015-0421-9
[28]	唐洋, 李新虎, 郭敏, 等. 不同初始盐分浓度下土壤盐结皮的形成过程及其对蒸发的影响机理[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(4): 1137-1145. doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2021.438
	[Tang Yang, Li Xinhu, Guo Min, et al. Formation process of soil salt crust and its influence mechanism on evaporation under different initial salt concentrations[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(4): 1137-1145.] doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2021.438
[29]	Nachshon U, Shahraeeni E, Or D, et al. Infrared thermography of evaporative fluxes and dynamics of salt deposition on heterogeneous porous surfaces[J]. Water Resources Research, 2011, 47(12): W12519, doi: 10.1029/2011WR010776.
[30]	Nachshon U, Weisbrod N, Katzir R, et al. NaCl crust architecture and its impact on evaporation: Three-dimensional insights[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2018, 45(12): 6100-6108. doi: 10.1029/2018GL078363
[31]	Shokri-Kuehni S M S, Vetter T, Webb C, et al. New insights into saline water evaporation from porous media: Complex interaction between evaporation rates, precipitation, and surface temperature[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2017, 44(11): 5504-5510. doi: 10.1002/grl.v44.11
[32]	Rose D A, Konukcu F, Gowing J W. Effect of watertable depth on evaporation and salt accumulation from saline groundwater[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2005, 43(5): 565-573.
[33]	Wang H C, Li X H, Li J L, et al. Impact of salt precipitation on evaporation resistance under different soil textures[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2025, 84(12): 12014, doi: 10.1007/s12665-024-12014-1.
[34]	Fujimaki H, Shimano T, Inoue M, et al. Effect of a salt crust on evaporation from a bare saline soil[J]. Vadose Zone Journal, 2006, 5(4): 1246-1256. doi: 10.2136/vzj2005.0144
[35]	王弘超. 土壤盐结皮物理性质的差异及其对水热传输阻力的影响[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2024.
	[Wang Hongchao. The difference of physical properties for soil salt crust and its influence on water-heat transport resistance[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2024.]
[36]	Bittelli M, Ventura F, Campbell G S, et al. Coupling of heat, water vapor, and liquid water fluxes to compute evaporation in bare soils[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2008, 362(3-4): 191-205. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.08.014
[37]	van de G A A, Owe M. Bare soil surface-resistance to evaporation by vapor diffusion under semiarid conditions[J]. Water Resources Research, 1994, 30(2): 181-188. doi: 10.1029/93WR02747
[38]	Roussel C. Visualization of explainable artificial intelligence for GeoAI[J]. Frontiers in Computer Science, 2024, 6: 1414923, doi: 10.3389/fcomp.2024.1414923.
[39]	Wang H J, Fan Z P, Chen J Y, et al. Discovering key sub-trajectories to explain traffic prediction[J]. Sensors, 2023, 23(130): s23010130, doi: 10.3390/s23010130.
[40]	Ding X J, Liu J, Yang F, et al. Random radial basis function kernel-based support vector machine[J]. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 2021, 358(18): 10121-10140. doi: 10.1016/j.jfranklin.2021.10.005
[41]	Zhao Z, Fitzsimons J K, Fitzsimons J F. Quantum-assisted gaussian process regression[J]. Physical Review A, 2019, 99(5): 052331, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.99.052331.
[42]	Gran M, Carrera J, Olivella S, et al. Modeling evaporation processes in a saline soil from saturation to oven dry conditions[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011, 15(7): 2077-2089. doi: 10.5194/hess-15-2077-2011
[43]	王弘超, 李新虎, 郭敏, 等. 盐结皮土壤形成发育过程影响下的能量平衡动态变化[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(3): 424-432. doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.435
	[Wang Hongchao, Li Xinhu, Guo Min, et al. Dynamic variation of energy balance under the influence of salt-crusted soil formation and development[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(3): 424-432.] doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.435
[44]	Valeriani C, Sanz E, Frenkel D. Rate of homogeneous crystal nucleation in molten NaCl[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics, 2005, 122(19): 194501, doi: 10.1063/1.1896348g.

处理	土壤粒径	供水/逐渐干燥	驱动方式及速率	饱和溶液
DL1	细砂	逐渐干燥	200±10 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
DL2	细砂	逐渐干燥	500±20 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
DL3	细砂	逐渐干燥	800±30 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
DL4	粗砂	逐渐干燥	200±10 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
DL5	粗砂	逐渐干燥	500±20 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
DL6	粗砂	逐渐干燥	800±30 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
GL1	细砂	供水	200±10 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
GL2	细砂	供水	500±20 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
GL3	细砂	供水	800±30 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
GL4	粗砂	供水	200±10 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
GL5	粗砂	供水	500±20 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
GL6	粗砂	供水	800±30 W·m^-2辐射	5.0%NaCl
GH1	细砂	供水	200±10 W·m^-2辐射	17.5%NaCl
GH2	细砂	供水	500±20 W·m^-2辐射	17.5%NaCl
GH3	细砂	供水	800±30 W·m^-2辐射	17.5%NaCl
GH4	粗砂	供水	200±10 W·m^-2辐射	17.5%NaCl
GH5	粗砂	供水	500±20 W·m^-2辐射	17.5%NaCl
GH6	粗砂	供水	800±30 W·m^-2辐射	17.5%NaCl
WH1	细砂	供水	3.5±0.2 m·s^-1风速	17.5%NaCl
WH2	细砂	供水	8.0±0.6 m·s^-1风速	17.5%NaCl
WH3	粗砂	供水	3.5±0.2 m·s^-1风速	17.5%NaCl
WH4	粗砂	供水	8.0±0.6 m·s^-1风速	17.5%NaCl

Quantitative modeling of evaporation resistance in salt crusts under varying influencing factors

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 11

References 44

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0

[1]	YANG Di, ZOU Jin, MA Xiaofei, ZHANG Xun, ZHOU Rui, LIU Yanchun, SHI Jinlian. Spatial distribution characteristics and sustainable development of sports tourism resources: A case of Xinjiang [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(1): 140-150.
[2]	JI Xiaofeng, LI Zixin, CAO Rui, LI Wu, CHEN Fang. Spatial pattern evolution characteristics and influencing factors of logistics enterprises in China at prefecture-level city scale [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(1): 176-185.
[3]	WANG Yajun, WANG Yifeng. Integration effectiveness evaluation and influencing factors of the poverty alleviation relocation resettlement areas into new-type urbanization in Ningxia [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(1): 186-197.
[4]	HUANG Jing, LI Ting, LI Pengfei, Altansukh OCHIR, YANG Meihuan, WANG Tao, LI Sha. Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and its influencing factors of net primary productivity of vegetation in Mongolia form 2000 to 2020 [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(9): 1541-1554.
[5]	ZHANG Fei, LI Jian, LI Huirong, XIE Tao, ZHANG Xuehong, WANG Chao, BAI Shuying, SONG Zhengshan. Spatiotemporal characteristics of net primary productivity and its response to influencing factors in Xilin Gol League grassland from 2001 to 2024 [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(9): 1555-1566.
[6]	ZHANG Kexin, ZHAO Yujuan, LI Meiyu. Hail climate characteristics and influencing factors in eastern Gansu Province from 1978 to 2023 [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(8): 1374-1384.
[7]	CHENG Peng, PENG Haiyang, HOU Dingrong, SUN Mingdong, SONG Xiaowei. Spatial pattern and evolution trend of agricultural grey water footprint intensity in the Yellow River Basin [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(7): 1185-1197.
[8]	GUO Nianfa, WANG Lucang. Analysis of accessibility and influencing factors of kindergarten enrollment in the main urban area of Lanzhou City [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(6): 1043-1054.
[9]	LU Han, ZENG Yongnian, WANG Pancheng. Spatiotemporal variation of actual evapotranspiration and its influencing factors in the northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(5): 753-764.
[10]	LI Mengran, XU Xiaoren, WANG Liang, DUAN Jian, SHI Shuqi, REN Dandan. Spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(5): 854-865.
[11]	LIU Haijun, ZHANG Haihong, YAN Junjie, LI Xiang, LI Gaofeng. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and its influencing factors of agricultural carbon emission efficiency in Xinjiang [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(5): 866-878.
[12]	WANG Liqi, LI Guozhu. Spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of urban ecological resilience in China [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(5): 893-904.
[13]	PANG Jiapeng, LI Mengyuan. Spatial differences and causes of tourism and leisure blocks in China [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(5): 905-915.
[14]	LI Weilu, ZHANG Mingdou. Coordinated study of urban population agglomeration and land ecological resilience in the Yellow River Basin [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(4): 728-738.
[15]	LI Songrui, LIN Qiuping, YANG Shangguang. Multi-scale evolution characteristics and influencing factors of spatial layout of logistics enterprises in Xinjiang [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(4): 739-752.