宁夏典型生境风电场的鸟类多样性及鸟类撞击现象研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.650

Abstract

Abstract:

The region of Ningxia is rich in wind energy resources and achieves large-scale wind power generation. However, it is also a crucial passage for bird migration. Little attention has been paid to the distribution patterns of birds in wind farm areas within the typical habitats of this region or to the effect of wind power generation on birds. To clarify the impact of wind power generation on birds in Ningxia, bird diversity was compared between wind farm areas and control areas within typical habitats in Ningxia, and bird collisions with wind turbines were analyzed. Three main findings were identified: (1) Bird distribution in wind farm areas displayed seasonal and inter-habitat differences. Overall, species richness and abundance were generally higher in summer and autumn than in spring and winter. Bird species richness was higher in woodland habitats, whereas bird abundance was higher in farmland habitats. (2) In warm steppe habitats, bird community diversity was higher in wind farm areas than in control areas. In contrast, in woodland and farmland habitats, community diversity and species richness were lower in wind farm areas than control areas, although bird abundance was higher in wind farm areas. (3) The bird collision rate was 17.75% at the Taiyangshan wind farm and 16.59% at the wind farm around the Liujiagou reservoir. Collision incidents occurred more frequently during the migration season than the nonmigration season. Overall, wind power generation in Ningxia was found to have both direct and indirect effects on birds, and the effects of wind farms on bird community diversity dependent on habitat.

Key words: wind farm, typical habitats, bird diversity, collision rate, Ningxia

YANG Ying, LI Qin, WANG Yuan, YANG Guijun, MA Jianhua, LI Xiong, ZHANG Dazhi. Bird diversity and collision phenomena in wind farm areas within typical habitats in Ningxia[J].Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(10): 2107-2121.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Seasonal composition of birds in wind farm areas"

目	科	物种	个体数
目	科	物种	春季	夏季	秋季	冬季
鸡形目 Galliformes	雉科 Phasianidae	石鸡 Alectoris chukar	1	-	-	-
雁形目 Anseriformes	鸭科 Anatidae	赤麻鸭 Tadorna ferruginea	2	-	3	-
鸽形目 Columbiformes	鸠鸽科 Columbidae	原鸽 Columba livia	4	-	73	20
雨燕目 Apodiformes	雨燕科 Apodidae	普通雨燕 Apus apus	-	7	-	-
鹃形目 Cuculiformes	杜鹃科 Cuculidae	大杜鹃 Cuculus canorus	-	1	-	-
鹰形目 Accipitriformes	鹰科 Accipitridae	白尾鹞 Circus cyaneus	-	-	1	-
鹰形目 Accipitriformes	鹰科 Accipitridae	大鵟 Buteo hemilasius	-	-	5	-
犀鸟目Bucerotiformes	戴胜科Upupidae	戴胜 Upupa epops	-	3	-	-
隼形目 Falconiformes	隼科 Falconidae	红隼 Falco tinnunculus	-	3	-	1
隼形目 Falconiformes	隼科 Falconidae	红脚隼 Falco amurensis	-	2	1	-
雀形目 Passeriformes	伯劳科 Laniidae	红尾伯劳 Lanius cristatus	-	1	-	-
		灰背伯劳 Lanius tephronotus	-	3	-	-
		楔尾伯劳 Lanius sphenocercus	1	1	1	1
	鸦科 Corvidae	喜鹊 Pica serica	9	15	19	13
		红嘴山鸦 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax	2	26	65	9
		达乌里寒鸦 Coloeus dauuricus	6	10	-	22
	百灵科 Alaudidae	凤头百灵 Galerida cristata	6	6	30	-
		亚洲短趾百灵 Alaudala cheleensis	1	17	2	-
		云雀 Alauda arvensis	12	4	-	-
	燕科 Hirundinidae	家燕 Hirundo rustica	-	2	-	-
	柳莺科 Phylloscopidae	棕眉柳莺 Phylloscopus armandii	-	1	-	-
		黄腰柳莺 Phylloscopus proregulus	-	-	1	-
		黄眉柳莺 Phylloscopus inornatus	-	-	1	-
	鹟科 Muscicapidae	红胁蓝尾鸲 Tarsiger cyanurus	-	-	17	-
		赭红尾鸲 Phoenicurus ochruros	-	2	-	-
		黑喉石䳭 Saxicola maurus	-	1	-	-
		漠䳭 Oenanthe deserti	1	-	-	-
		白顶䳭 Oenanthe pleschanka	4	3	-	-
	戴菊科 Regulidae	戴菊 Regulus regulus	-	-	2	-
	雀科 Passeridae	麻雀 Passer montanus	20	223	61	112
	燕雀科 Fringillidae	金翅雀 Chloris sinica	-	-	155	-
	燕雀科 Fringillidae	黄嘴朱顶雀 Linaria flavirostris	-	-	-	25
	鹀科 Emberizidae	小鹀 Emberiza pusilla	-	-	1	-
	鹀科 Emberizidae	三道眉草鹀 Emberiza cioides	27	25	12	49
合计	-	-	96	356	450	252

Tab. 2

Fig. 3

Tab. 3

Bird composition of wind farm areas in different habitats"

目	科	物种	个体数
目	科	物种	林地	农田	荒漠灌丛	温性草原
鸡形目 Galliformes	雉科 Phasianidae	石鸡 Alectoris chukar	1	-	-	-
雁形目 Anseriformes	鸭科 Anatidae	赤麻鸭 Tadorna ferruginea	-	-	3	2
鸽形目 Columbiformes	鸠鸽科 Columbidae	原鸽 Columba livia	68	10	-	19
雨燕目 Apodiformes	雨燕科 Apodidae	普通雨燕 Apus apus	-	5	2	-
鹃形目 Cuculiformes	杜鹃科 Cuculidae	大杜鹃 Cuculus canorus	-	-	1	-
鹰形目 Accipitriformes	鹰科 Accipitridae	白尾鹞 Circus cyaneus	1	-	-	-
鹰形目 Accipitriformes	鹰科 Accipitridae	大鵟 Buteo hemilasius	-	-	5	-
犀鸟目Bucerotiformes	戴胜科Upupidae	戴胜 Upupa epops	1	-	1	1
隼形目 Falconiformes	隼科 Falconidae	红隼 Falco tinnunculus	-	-	2	2
隼形目 Falconiformes	隼科 Falconidae	红脚隼 Falco amurensis	-	3	-	-
雀形目 Passeriformes	伯劳科 Laniidae	红尾伯劳 Lanius cristatus	-	-	-	1
		灰背伯劳 Lanius tephronotus	3	-	-	-
		楔尾伯劳 Lanius sphenocercus	2	1	-	1
	鸦科 Corvidae	喜鹊Pica serica	4	4	13	35
		红嘴山鸦 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax	14	86	-	2
		达乌里寒鸦 Coloeus dauuricus	-	-	-	38
	百灵科 Alaudidae	凤头百灵 Galerida cristata	-	4	17	21
		亚洲短趾百灵 Alaudala cheleensis	-	2	18	-
		云雀 Alauda arvensis	-	-	10	6
	燕科 Hirundinidae	家燕 Hirundo rustica	-	-	2	-
	柳莺科 Phylloscopidae	棕眉柳莺 Phylloscopus armandii	1	-	-	-
		黄腰柳莺 Phylloscopus proregulus	1	-	-	-
		黄眉柳莺 Phylloscopus inornatus	-	-	-	1
	鹟科 Muscicapidae	红胁蓝尾鸲 Tarsiger cyanurus	17	-	-	-
		赭红尾鸲 Phoenicurus ochruros	-	2	-	-
		黑喉石䳭 Saxicola maurus	-	-	-	1
		漠䳭 Oenanthe deserti	-	1	-	-
		白顶䳭 Oenanthe pleschanka	-	7	-	-
	戴菊科 Regulidae	戴菊 Regulus regulus	2	-	-	-
	雀科 Passeridae	麻雀 Passer montanus	16	270	95	35
	燕雀科Fringillidae	金翅雀 Chloris sinica	155	-	-	-
	燕雀科Fringillidae	黄嘴朱顶雀 Linaria flavirostris	25	-	-	-
	鹀科 Emberizidae	小鹀 Emberiza pusilla	-	-	1	-
	鹀科 Emberizidae	三道眉草鹀 Emberiza cioides	61	52	-	-
合计	-	-	372	447	170	165

Tab. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Tab. 4

Fig. 6

Tab. 5

Tab. 6

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生境类型	研究区域	风电机组				温度/℃	降雨量/mm	风力/m·s^-1	海拔/m	坡度/%	坡向/(°)	归一化植被指数	植被净初级生产力
生境类型	研究区域	额定功率/kW	轮毂高度/m	风轮直径/m	风电机组间距/m	温度/℃	降雨量/mm	风力/m·s^-1	海拔/m	坡度/%	坡向/(°)	归一化植被指数	植被净初级生产力
林地	风电场区	1500	70	87	365.67±65.01	5.17±8.87	33.96±29.41	2.61±0.37	2457.00±83.81	2.83±1.02	259.99±36.14	103.67±4.53	0.37±0.04
林地	对照区	-	-	-	-	3.21±8.70	32.64±29.06	2.84±0.40	2632.67±55.13	4.87±1.51	230.99±97.49	132.83±13.11	0.47±0.04
农田	风电场区	750	50	48.4	378.26±102.92	6.81±9.84	29.83±26.80	2.63±0.37	1808.44±43.81	1.75±0.99	102.98±92.78	73.00±4.53	0.18±0.01
农田	对照区	-	-	-	-	8.04±10.08	27.22±25.85	2.50±0.42	1506.50±27.70	1.80±0.26	80.52±21.64	74.67±9.73	0.19±0.01
荒漠灌丛	风电场区	2600	90	141	565.87±108.84	8.73±10.44	24.70±22.68	2.35±0.37	1398.67±13.52	0.85±0.27	221.06±100.18	70.89±6.43	0.14±0.01
荒漠灌丛	对照区	-	-	-	-	9.05±10.59	22.04±21.46	2.43±0.37	1315.00±34.48	0.62±0.27	117.34±83.61	68.00±8.49	0.13±0.03
温性草原	风电场区	2000	80	110	546.09±103.38	8.99±10.52	21.38±20.93	2.46±0.40	1343.78±22.64	0.61±0.24	180.22±160.13	70.22±3.07	0.12±0.01
温性草原	对照区	-	-	-	-	9.36±10.66	20.10±20.07	2.48±0.40	1265.83±13.91	1.03±0.14	44.31±31.90	70.83±0.98	0.13±0.01

风电机组编号	风电场区	物种信息	发现日期（年-月-日）	海拔/m	距风电机组距离/m	痕迹信息
NDT-57-6	太阳山	红隼	2024-04-08	1341.77	27.0	新鲜完整尸体（雄）
60	刘家沟水库	玉带海雕	2024-04-08	1363.10	47.9	尸体残骸，缺少尾羽，尾羽位于距风机149.1 m处
F01	刘家沟水库	猛禽，具体不确定	2024-04-08	1397.12	18.6	灰白色覆羽28片，羽根有组织残留，明显非自然脱落
NDT-17-2	太阳山	物种不明	2024-05-10	1430.41	21.5	黑灰色羽毛一撮，羽根有组织残留，明显非自然脱落
NDT-11-2	太阳山	鸦科鸟类，具体不确定	2024-05-10	1406.77	49.1	黑色羽毛2片，羽根有组织残留，明显非自然脱落
NDT-8-2	太阳山	红隼	2024-06-08	1350.39	14.8	完整尸体，头背部肉已轻微腐化
F18	刘家沟水库	物种不明	2024-06-08	1339.71	36.9	灰色羽毛2撮，羽根有组织残留，明显非自然脱落
56	刘家沟水库	物种不明	2024-06-08	1355.88	0.0	黑灰色羽毛1撮，羽根有组织残留，明显非自然脱落
NDT-4-2	太阳山	柳莺科鸟类，具体不确定	2024-10-27	1380.02	0.8	右翅，翅根带有血迹
NDT-55-6	太阳山	麻雀	2024-10-27	1324.39	35.6	新鲜完整尸体
NDT-58-6	太阳山	鵟属鸟类，具体不确定	2024-10-27	1331.10	0.7	许多散落羽毛，羽根有组织残留，明显非自然脱落
NDT-13-1	太阳山	雀形目鸟类，具体不确定	2024-10-27	1363.63	0.6	左翅，肌肉腐化仅剩骨骼、羽毛，羽毛颜色为黑灰色
F17	刘家沟水库	白肩雕	2024-11-23	1306.23	24.8	新鲜尸体残骸，含头、肩和翅膀

风电机组编号	风电场区	尸体种类	留存时间
NDT-8-2	太阳山	红隼	1个月后痕迹消失
NDT-55-6	太阳山	麻雀	1个月后痕迹消失
NDT-57-6	太阳山	红隼	4个月后痕迹消失
F17	刘家沟水库	白肩雕	1个月后痕迹消失
60	刘家沟水库	玉带海雕	8个月后仍残留骨骼

风电场区	风电机组					温度/℃	降雨量/mm	风力/m·s^-1	海拔/m	坡度/%	坡向/(°)	归一化植被指数	植被净初级生产力
风电场区	额定功率/kW	轮毂高度/m	风轮直径/m	风电机组间距/m	距水域距离/m	温度/℃	降雨量/mm	风力/m·s^-1	海拔/m	坡度/%	坡向/(°)	归一化植被指数	植被净初级生产力
太阳山	2000	80	110	418.36±90.24	6216.03±924.70	8.87±0.09	286.23±9.34	2.36±0.34	1399.84±21.21	2.84±1.73	203.83±37.62	63.81±2.54	0.12±0.01
刘家沟水库	2600	90	141	403.19±74.40	1602.95±679.29	8.76±0.11	273.85±3.60	2.42±0.38	1387.23±27.83	2.40±1.48	214.97±90.11	62.04±4.09	0.15±0.02

Bird diversity and collision phenomena in wind farm areas within typical habitats in Ningxia

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