疏勒河流域中游地区玉米性状及单产的影响因子研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.601

Abstract

Abstract:

The Shule River Basin is an important grain-producing area in northwest China. Exploring the influence of climate change and human activities on grain production in this region can provide an important scientific basis for promoting regional food security. In this paper, Yumen City, located in the middle reaches of the Shule River Basin, was used as a representative research area. The sensitivity of maize traits and maize yield per unit area to natural factors (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and precipitation) and human factors (policy, irrigation amount, and fertilizer amount) was analyzed using meteorological, field management, soil property, and yield data from 1990 to 2020, based on which 2017 was selected as a typical year. The DSSAT-CERES-Maize model was used to quantitatively analyze the influence of natural and human factors on maize traits and climatic yield per unit area, and the most suitable conditions for maize growth and development in the study area were thus identified. The results showed that: (1) Middle reaches of the Shule River Basin have a warm and humid climate. Fertilizer application showed an increasing-decreasing trend and effective irrigated area showed a continuously increasing trend. (2) Actual yield per unit area showed a slightly increasing trend, and yield per unit area showed an increasing-decreasing-stable trend due to the influence of policies promoting high-quality maize varieties and farmland water conservation measures. Climatic yield per unit area showed a decreasing trend with strong positive sensitivity to the highest moderate precipitation and a strong negative sensitivity to the lowest low temperature. Maize traits showed strong positive sensitivity to fertilizer application quota, effective irrigated area, and lowest temperatures at ear and flowering stages, and strong negative sensitivity to highest temperatures at ear and flowering stages. (3) The optimum conditions for maize growth and development in the study area were found to be as follows: a highest temperature range of 14.80-38.56 ℃, a lowest temperature range of -0.38-22.16 ℃, a solar radiation range of 3.93-25.15 MJ·m^-2), a wind speed range of 0-3.81 m·s^-1, an irrigation amount of 15 mm, and a fertilizer application rate of 10 kg·hm^-2. Within these ranges, the relationship between solar radiation and maize traits and yield was U-shaped, while the relationships between maximum temperature, minimum temperature, wind speed, and water and fertilizer factors and maize traits and yield were inverted U-shaped.

Key words: maize, influencing factor, yield per unit area, traits, Shule River Basin

LIU Huancai,SHI Shuqi,LI Man,ZHANG Yanfang,HAN Li. Influencing factors of maize traits and yield per unit area in the middle reaches of Shule River Basin[J].Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(9): 1453-1466.

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要素	技术信息
生长阶段	苗期（4月15日—5月15日）、穗期（5月16日—7月20日）、花粒期（7月21日—9月30日）
复合肥施用（氮:磷:钾= 1.0:0.7:0.5）	按基肥、种肥、苗肥、秆肥、穗肥和粒肥施入
灌溉	分苗水、拔节抽雄水和灌浆前、中期水灌入

影响因子	相关性状
影响因子	各生长阶段性状	收获时性状
温度（最高温、最低温）	物积速率、时长	根茎叶果重占比、籽粒氮
太阳辐射	物积速率、时长	粒数/叶面积、粒重/叶面积、籽粒氮
风速	物积速率、时长	全生育期总蒸腾量、籽粒氮
水肥	物积速率、时长	粒数、粒重、籽粒氮

物候期	最高温	最低温	太阳辐射	降水	风速	化肥施用量	有效灌溉面积
根重占比	F	E	-G	-E	-H	A	-B
茎重占比	-G	F	H	-G	I	F	C
叶重占比	-F	G	H	-H	I	H	A
果重占比	-F	G	G	-H	I	I	A
粒数/叶面积	-B	E	F	-D	D	F	H
粒重/叶面积	-A	D	F	-C	E	F	-H
全生育期蒸腾量	-D	E	H	I	H	B	-F
粒数	A	-G	I	B	G	C	F
粒重	-F	D	-G	-A	H	-G	-D
籽粒氮	B	-H	-F	-C	-H	-E	-F
气候单产	C	-A	H	D	E	-F	E

影响因子	最高温			最低温			太阳辐射			降水			风速			化肥施用量			有效灌溉面积
生长阶段	苗期	穗期	花粒期	苗期	穗期	花粒期	苗期	穗期	花粒期	苗期	穗期	花粒期	苗期	穗期	花粒期	苗期	穗期	花粒期	苗期	穗期	花粒期
根重占比	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	I	I	-H	-	-	-	A	A	A	-F	-D	-C
茎重占比	-	-	-	I	E	G	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	G	C	F	A	F	B
叶重占比	I	I	I	I	E	G	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	A	D	A
果重占比	-H	-H	-H	I	E	G	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	A	C	A
粒数/叶面积	I	-E	-G	-	-	-	-	-	-	D	D	I	-G	I	I	-	-	-	-	-	-
粒重/叶面积	H	-E	-G	-E	A	E	-	-	-	E	E	I	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
全生育期蒸腾量	I	-E	-H	-H	H	D	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	A	C	C	-	-	-
粒数	H	B	E	-	-	-	-	-	-	F	F	H	-	-	-	A	A	A	-	-	-
粒重	-	-	-	-E	B	D	-	-	-	H	H	-G	-	-	-	-	-	-	-G	-E	G
籽粒氮	E	G	D	-	-	-	-	-	-	-F	-E	-H	-	-	-	-F	-E	-F	-	-	-
气候单产	G	-G	F	-E	-E	-D	-	-	-	F	-H	G	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

影响因子	依据	影响因子参数
温度	1990—2020年玉米物候期温度年均增长0.165 ℃	-2.08 ℃<温度变化<1.92 ℃，逐步加减0.16 ℃，共计26种
太阳辐射	1990—2020年玉米物候期太阳辐射变化幅度为1 MJ·m^-2	-0.5 MJ·m^-2<太阳辐射变化<0.5 MJ·m^-2，逐步加减0.0 MJ·m^-2，共计21种
风速	1990—2020年玉米物候期风速年均增长0.03 m·s^-1	-0.66 m·s^-1<风速变化<0.66 m·s^-1，逐步加减0.03 m·s^-1，共计45种
水肥	2017年物候期降水量约为66.5 mm，玉米全生育期需水量约为410~699 mm	全生育期灌水约25次，每次灌溉量分别为W₀（0 mm）、W₁（15 mm）、W₂（30 mm）；全生育期施入复合肥6次，基肥约占总施肥量的66.67%，其余5次每次施肥量分别为F₀（0 kg·hm^-2）、F₁（10 kg·hm^-2）、F₂（20 kg·hm^-2）；灌溉施肥组合处理方式共计9种。

Influencing factors of maize traits and yield per unit area in the middle reaches of Shule River Basin

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