近5000 a来西天山温泉地区古火的定量重建及其驱动机制

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.144

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

火扰动是调控草原生态系统演替的关键因子。西天山草原带作为欧亚草原的重要组成部分，既承载着农牧文明交互历史，又是西风主导干旱半干旱区中揭示火扰动-气候-植被-人类活动耦合机制的理想场所。然而，关于中国西北草原生态系统近5000 a来关键火情参数（如火频率、回火间隔、火事件及峰值幅度）的定量研究较为缺乏，为填补这一空白，基于温泉县湿地沉积柱芯的4种不同粒径炭屑组分（10~30 μm、30~50 μm、50~100 μm、>100 μm），结合多指标证据，不同时空尺度下古火的定量演变规律及其对环境变化的响应机制得以揭示。结果表明：（1）温泉县以区域性火事件为主，草本植物为主要燃料来源。（2）温泉县古火演化可分为4个阶段：低活动期（5000—4500 cal a BP）、发展期（4500—3700 cal a BP）、衰退期（3700—2600 cal a BP）以及高频波动期（2600—746 cal a BP）。（3）温泉县古火演化主要受控于水分驱动的燃料供应，表现为湿度增加、草本植物生产力提升以及有利于古火发生的气候条件之间的协同作用。（4）史前农牧扩张伴随的周期性烧荒活动，以及历史时期屯垦制度与绿洲农业扩张等人类活动，促使火事件频发。

关键词: 火历史, 炭屑, 气候变化, 人类活动, 西天山

Abstract:

Fire disturbance is a key driver of ecological succession in grassland ecosystems. As a critical component of the Eurasian steppe, the grassland belt of the western Tianshan Mountains bears the imprint of historical agropastoral interactions and serves as an ideal region for investigating the combined mechanisms of fire disturbance, climate, vegetation, and human activities in the arid and semi-arid zones dominated by westerlies. However, quantitative reconstructions of key fire-regime parameters (e.g., fire frequency, fire return interval, fire episodes, and peak magnitude) over the past 5000 years remain limited across the vast grassland systems of northwest China. To fill this gap, based on four charcoal particle-size categories (10-30 μm, 30-50 μm, 50-100 μm, and >100 μm) from a sediment core in Wenquan County, combined with multi-proxy evidence, the quantitative paleofire evolution patterns across different spatiotemporal scales and their response mechanisms to environmental changes we revealed. The results indicated that (1) Regional fire episodes dominated in Wenquan County, with herbaceous plants serving as the primary fuel source. (2) Paleofire evolution in Wenquan County exhibited four distinct phases: A low-activity phase (5000—4500 cal a BP), a development phase (4500—3700 cal a BP), a decline phase (3700—2600 cal a BP), and a high-frequency fluctuation phase (2600—746 cal a BP). (3) Fire regime in Wenquan County was primarily regulated by moisture-mediated fuel availability, driven by synergistic interactions between increasing humidity, grass productivity, fuel loads, and favorable weather conditions during the fire season. (4) Human activities contributed to frequent fire episodes through periodic slash-and-burn events associated with prehistoric agropastoral expansion, as well as land reclamation and oasis agriculture during historical periods.

Key words: fire-regime, charcoal, climate change, human activities, western Tianshan Mountains

刘雅琦, 李建勇, 王宁练, 冉艺. 近5000 a来西天山温泉地区古火的定量重建及其驱动机制[J]. 干旱区地理, 2026, 49(4): 804-815.

LIU Yaqi, LI Jianyong, WANG Ninglian, RAN Yi. Quantitative reconstructions of paleofire and their driving mechanisms in Wenquan County, western Tianshan Mountains over the past 5000 years[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(4): 804-815.

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表1

温泉县人类活动与古火演化阶段特征"

年代/cal a BP	人类影响指数	古火活动特征	关键考古证据
2600—746	高水平波动，出现多阶段峰值	高强度、高频率，出现多次峰值	战国末期至西汉，游牧民族（如大月氏、乌孙和匈奴）迁居天山北麓，过着典型的游牧生活；南疆诸遗址（如古墓沟、哈密五堡和阿拉沟）中发现了小麦、青稞、小米饼以及木质生产工具等遗存，标志其成为典型的绿洲农业区^[62]；汉朝实施屯垦经济制度使绿洲农业得到加强和进一步的发展^[62-63]；魏晋南北朝时期社会政局不稳，屯田规模显著缩减，农牧衰退^[63]；隋唐宋元时期屯田规模扩张，农业规模化发展；畜牧业发展态势良好^[63]
3700—2600	较低值平稳波动	强度与频率有所降低，维持在较低水平	约3500 cal a BP，亚洲夏季风持续减弱导致北疆干旱化加剧，导致绿洲收缩、农业衰退^[64]，牧业在经济结构中的比重提升并出现地域化趋势。天山北麓以游牧经济为主，例如三道海子文化墓葬中马匹殉葬比例上升^[65]；天山南麓绿洲以农业-畜牧混合为主，例如克孜尔遗址发现有农具及畜栏遗存^[59]
4500—3700	显著增强（约4000 cal a BP达到峰值）	强度与频率同步上升	青铜文化遗址迅速增加扩散^[65-66]，表现为切木尔切克文化向南传播至天山地区，天山北路文化传播至天山东部，以及具有安德罗诺沃文化特征的阿敦乔鲁文化传播至天山西部。同时，粟黍农业引入天山，形成粟黍、小麦/大麦混合经济^[61]
5000—4500	低水平波动	强度弱、频率低	史前文化初始传播^[66]表现为以小麦/大麦农业-畜牧业为特征的新石器文化向东传播至天山西麓（通天洞遗址发现5000 cal a BP的小麦遗存），粟黍农业初步显现并向西传播至河西走廊西段，以及以畜牧狩猎采集经济和青铜技术为特征的欧亚草原文化向南传播至中蒙交界处。4500 cal a BP以前新疆地区遗址数量较少（伊犁河谷出土最早人类遗存，距今4800年）^[66]

表1

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