乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展及其对生态环境和经济发展的影响

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.06.28

干旱区地理 ›› 2021, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 1810-1820.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.06.28

乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展及其对生态环境和经济发展的影响

李琦^1,²(),李发东^1,^2,³(),王国勤^1,⁴,乔云峰^1,³,Rashid KULMATOV⁵,彭宇^1,³,Sayidjakhon KHASANOV⁶,刘洪光²,何新林²,杨广²

1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101
2. 石河子大学水利建筑工程学院,新疆石河子 832000
3. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
4. 联合国环境署-国际生态系统管理伙伴关系,北京 100101
5. 乌兹别克斯坦国立大学,乌兹别克斯坦塔什干 100170
6. 塔什干灌溉和农业机械化工程研究所,乌兹别克斯坦塔什干 100000

收稿日期:2020-12-29 修回日期:2021-04-14 出版日期:2021-11-25 发布日期:2021-12-03
通讯作者: 李发东
作者简介:李琦（1997-）,男,硕士,主要从事土壤水盐动态模拟研究. E-mail: liqiyr@yeah.net
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项资助(XDA20040302);国家自然科学基金(U1803244);八师石河子市科技计划项目(2019ZH13);八师石河子市科技计划项目(2021BC003)

Development of irrigated agriculture in Uzbekistan and its impact on ecological environment and economic development

LI Qi^1,²(),LI Fadong^1,^2,³(),WANG Guoqin^1,⁴,QIAO Yunfeng^1,³,Rashid KULMATOV⁵,PENG Yu^1,³,Sayidjakhon KHASANOV⁶,LIU Hongguang²,HE Xinlin²,YANG Guang²

1. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institution of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4. United Nations Environment Programme-International Ecosystem Management Partnership (UNEP-IEMP), Beijing 100101, China
5. National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan
6. Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan

Received:2020-12-29 Revised:2021-04-14 Online:2021-11-25 Published:2021-12-03
Contact: Fadong LI

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

乌兹别克斯坦作为中亚干旱区重要的农业大国,由于其独有的气候条件,灌溉是决定其农业生产的主要控制因素,因此,研究其灌溉农业发展历程对于保障农业生产与自然环境安全具有重要意义。通过查阅乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展领域的相关文献,结合联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国数据检索系统等官方网站提供的资料数据,总结灌溉农田面积、人口、主要作物产量及农业产值等数据的变化规律,阐述了乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业的发展历程,分析讨论由农业灌溉引起的一系列环境问题及其对社会经济的影响。结果表明：（1）由于气候干旱少雨,乌兹别克斯坦灌溉用水主要来自阿姆河及锡尔河,下游河道径流量及咸海蓄水量持续下降,暴露河床内大量松散沉积物并导致频繁的沙尘天气。（2）乌兹别克斯坦整体农业灌溉技术较为落后,过度引水使得部分地表径流汇聚在灌区低洼地带,抬升地下水位,最终引发严重的区域土壤盐渍化,故全面推广先进灌排技术,是该国未来灌溉农业与生态环境健康发展的主要方向。（3）农业生产是乌兹别克斯坦重要的经济来源,对国内生产总值有显著的正向影响。此研究可为干旱区农业发展及水资源管理提供借鉴。

关键词: 灌溉, 干旱区, 农业, 棉花, 小麦, 乌兹别克斯坦, 中亚

Abstract:

In this paper, the latest relevant data of Uzbekistan were obtained from the databases of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations data retrieval system. The development history of irrigated agriculture was investigated by analyzing the data on irrigated areas and the population and economic development in the country, and a series of environmental problems caused by unreasonable irrigation and their impact on the social economy were discussed. The results demonstrated that as Uzbekistan is a typical agricultural country, its irrigated agriculture has been developing steadily, supporting the food security and employment of the entire country. The agricultural irrigation area of Uzbekistan increased to 4.2×10⁶ hm² in the 1990s and remained basically unchanged over the following 30 years. The main water sources for agricultural irrigation are the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, and most irrigation methods are based on flood irrigation. Because of the dry climate with limited rainfall, long-term irrigation has led to a continuous decline of river flow and water storage in the Aral Sea. To cope with sluggish economic growth and food demand, increasing amounts of farmland were shifted from producing cotton to wheat in the 1990s, as wheat requires less water. However, the gradual phase-out of cotton exports in Uzbekistan and the conversion of its farmland from food to fruits and vegetables, done to transform its economic structure from over-reliance on agricultural production to a more economically rewarding system within the limited land, led to a sharp decline in wheat and cotton production in 2016. Additionally, the long-term use of relatively backward water supply systems and irrigation technology has caused a serious waste of water resources and a series of environmental problems. The flooding irrigation method coupled with strong evaporation and declining irrigation water quality along with the higher groundwater level has caused large-scale salinization of soil and made Uzbekistan the sixth largest country in terms of soil salinization, with a total of 2.1×10⁶ hm² of salinized soil. The area of the Aral Sea also shrunk from 4.7×10⁶-4.8×10⁶ to 1.2×10⁶ hm² over the past 40 years, and the sea could vanish within the next 40 years, resulting in a significant reduction in water storage and a three-fold increase in salinity compared with 20 years ago. The drying up of the Aral Sea also exposed a large area of salty sediments and finally formed a new desert (the Aralkum) in 2000, causing frequent salt dust storms, which pose a serious threat to human respiratory health and the hydrological cycle. Agricultural production is economically important in Uzbekistan. It has a significant positive impact on gross domestic product and can effectively the effects of small fluctuations in the industrial and service sectors. Still, the problem of soil salinization in Uzbekistan is extremely complex. To effectively address the issue, it is necessary to fundamentally optimize the irrigation mode and drainage technology and implement advanced and efficient irrigation and drainage schemes, such as drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface pipe network salt drainage. This study offers support for agricultural development and water resource management in arid areas.

Key words: irrigation, arid land, agriculture, cotton, wheat, Uzbekistan, Central Asia

李琦,李发东,王国勤,乔云峰,Rashid KULMATOV,彭宇,Sayidjakhon KHASANOV,刘洪光,何新林,杨广. 乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展及其对生态环境和经济发展的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(6): 1810-1820.

LI Qi,LI Fadong,WANG Guoqin,QIAO Yunfeng,Rashid KULMATOV,PENG Yu,Sayidjakhon KHASANOV,LIU Hongguang,HE Xinlin,YANG Guang. Development of irrigated agriculture in Uzbekistan and its impact on ecological environment and economic development[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(6): 1810-1820.

图/表 6

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乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展及其对生态环境和经济发展的影响

Development of irrigated agriculture in Uzbekistan and its impact on ecological environment and economic development

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