农户灌溉行为目标对灌溉用水效率的影响研究——以沙雅县为例

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000－6060.2023.291

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当前农业用水一直占据总用水量的绝大部分，是农业生产发展的基础投入要素。而复杂的气候环境却给农业用水带来了巨大挑战，农业水资源的供需矛盾显得更为突出。以微观层面为出发点，探讨灌溉行为目标偏好对灌溉用水效率的影响，以期优化和选择提高农业用水效率的方式，实现资源环境约束下农业效益最大化。以新疆沙雅县传统农户为研究对象，构建随机前沿模型，测算农业生产技术效率，并推算出灌溉用水效率；然后利用Tobit模型探讨灌溉行为目标偏好及其他因素对灌溉用水效率的影响。结果表明：农户的农业生产技术效率的平均值为0.824，灌溉用水效率平均值为0.560，农业生产技术效率和灌溉用水效率均未达到技术完全高效的程度，仍有提高的余地。对影响因素的研究发现，年龄、受教育程度、农业收入占总收入比重、灌溉面积、对水资源是否紧缺的认知、是否为村干部、是否参与过培训、偏好利润最大化和偏好节约用水对灌溉用水效率有显著正向影响；耗水作物种植面积占总播种面积比重、偏好减少劳动力投入对灌溉用水效率有显著负向影响；农业劳动力、节水灌溉面积占总灌溉面积比重、用水成本、偏好及时灌溉和可持续发展对灌溉用水效率影响不显著，且用水成本对灌溉用水效率的提高起负向作用。为提高灌溉用水效率提出以下对策建议：增强农户节水意识、调整种植结构、完善灌溉水价机制。

关键词: 灌溉行为, 目标偏好, 影响因素, 灌溉用水效率, 沙雅县

Abstract:

The predominant share of total water consumption is currently attributed to agricultural water, which serves as the fundamental input for agricultural production and development. However, the intricate climate environment presents formidable challenges to the effective use of agricultural water, accentuating the imbalance between the supply and demand of agricultural water resources. This study delves into micro-level dynamics, specifically exploring the impact of irrigation behavior goal preferences on irrigation water use efficiency. This study aims to optimize strategies and select methods that enhance agricultural water use efficiency, thereby maximizing agricultural benefits within available resources and environmental context constraints. Focusing on traditional farmers in Xayar County, Aksu Prefecture of Xinjiang, China, this study employs a stochastic frontier model to calculate farmers’ technical efficiency in agricultural production and irrigation water efficiency. Subsequently, the Tobit model was applied to examine the influences of irrigation behavior goal preferences and other factors on irrigation water use efficiency. The findings reveal that the average technical efficiency of farmers’ agricultural production is 0.824, with an average irrigation water efficiency of 0.560. Both technical efficiency in agricultural production and irrigation water efficiency fall short of achieving total technical efficiency, indicating potential for improvement. Upon analyzing the influencing factors, we observed that age, education level, proportion of agricultural income in total income, irrigated area, awareness of water shortage, village cadres status, participation in training, preference for profit maximization, and preference for water conservation exert substantial positive effects on irrigation water efficiency. Consequently, the proportion of planting area for water-consuming crops to the total sown area and the preference to reduce labor input have notable negative impacts on irrigation water efficiency. The agricultural labor force, proportion of water-saving irrigated area in the total irrigated area, water use cost, preference for timely irrigation, and sustainable development have no substantial effects on irrigation water use efficiency. Notably, water use costs negatively influence improving irrigation water use efficiency. Several strategic recommendations have been proposed to enhance irrigation water use efficiency, including increasing farmers’ awareness of water conservation, adjusting planting structures, and refining the irrigation water price mechanism.

Key words: irrigation behavior, goal preference, influencing factors, irrigation water efficiency, Xayar County

李适宜, 关全力. 农户灌溉行为目标对灌溉用水效率的影响研究——以沙雅县为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(1): 48-57.

LI Shiyi, GUAN Quanli. Influence of farmers’ irrigation behavior goals on irrigation water efficiency: A case of Xayar County[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(1): 48-57.

图/表 4

表1

表2

灌溉用水效率影响因素的描述统计分析"

变量	变量描述	均值	标准误差	变量类型
年龄（age）/岁	户主的年龄	48.39	11.74	连续变量
受教育程度（edu）	农户的受教育程度分组：1=小学及以下；2=中学；3=高中及以上	1.68	0.51	离散变量
农业收入占总收入比重（inc）/%	农业收入/农户家庭总收入	0.60	0.20	连续变量
农业劳动力（labor）/人	农户家庭务农劳动力合计	2.27	0.82	连续变量
灌溉面积（land）/hm²	需灌溉耕地面积合计	0.82	0.37	连续变量
耗水作物种植面积占总播种面积比重（str）/%	耗水作物播种面积/农户家庭总播种面积	0.56	0.21	连续变量
节水灌溉面积占总灌溉面积比重（irr）/%	使用节水灌溉技术的耕地面积/需灌溉的耕地总面积	0.22	0.34	连续变量
用水成本（cost）/元·hm^-2	单位面积水费	1753.06	227.97	连续变量
对水资源是否紧缺的认知（d1）	农户对水资源紧缺的认知：0=不紧缺；1=紧缺	0.50	0.50	离散变量
是否为村干部（d2）	农户是否为村干部：0=否；1=是	0.40	0.49	离散变量
是否参与过培训（d3）	农户是否参与过灌溉相关培训：0=否；1=是	0.75	0.43	离散变量
利润最大化（g1）	农户是否认为最重要的目标是利润最大化：0=其他；1=是	0.63	0.48	离散变量
及时灌溉，规避灌溉风险（g2）	农户是否认为最重要的目标是及时灌溉：0=其他；1=是	0.04	0.19	离散变量
减少劳动力投入，增加闲暇时间（g3）	农户是否认为最重要的目标是减少劳动力投入：0=其他；1=是	0.21	0.41	离散变量
节约用水，获得尊重（g4）	农户是否认为最重要的目标是节约用水，获得尊重：0=其他；1=是	0.08	0.28	离散变量
可持续发展（g5）	农户是否认为最重要的目标是可持续发展：0=其他；1=是	0.04	0.19	离散变量

表2

表3

表4

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变量	农户单位面积农业产值/元·hm^-2	单位面积种子投入/元·hm^-2	单位面积化学投入/元·hm^-2	单位面积机械投入/元·hm^-2	单位面积劳动力投入/人·d·hm^-2	单位面积灌溉用水量/m³·hm^-2
均值	24446.25	995.85	4496.40	3516.08	11.70	12817.80
标准误差	7288.65	272.03	1065.83	607.50	7.20	3443.18
最小值	10901.93	1.58	2185.88	2196.45	0.68	5249.93
最大值	47219.40	1536.08	8880.08	4981.28	45.00	20883.60

效率值 /%	农业生产技术效率			灌溉用水效率
效率值 /%	样本数量	比例/%	累计比例/%	样本数量	比例/%	累计比例/%
(0, 10]	-	-	-	2	1.30	1.30
(10, 20]	-	-	-	7	4.55	5.84
(20, 30]	-	-	-	6	3.90	9.74
(30, 40]	-	-	-	25	16.23	25.97
(40, 50]	2	1.30	1.30	21	13.64	39.61
(50, 60]	5	3.25	4.55	23	14.94	54.55
(60, 70]	10	6.49	11.04	22	14.29	68.83
(70, 80]	38	24.68	35.71	33	21.43	90.26
(80, 90]	52	33.77	69.48	14	9.09	99.35
(90, 100]	47	30.52	100.00	1	0.65	100.00

变量	系数	标准误	t	P>\|t\|
常数	0.485893^***	0.084	5.82	0.000
age	0.002580^***	0.001	4.09	0.000
edu	0.037440^***	0.013	2.79	0.006
inc	0.206578^***	0.042	4.94	0.000
labor	-0.012291	0.008	-1.50	0.137
land	0.079413^***	0.021	3.83	0.000
str	-0.352867^***	0.042	-8.39	0.000
irr	0.000953	0.019	0.05	0.959
cost	-0.000049	0.000	-1.64	0.103
d1	0.044833^***	0.016	2.87	0.005
d2	0.045840^***	0.016	2.87	0.005
d3	0.057562^***	0.016	3.67	0.000
g1	0.066127^**	0.033	2.02	0.045
g2	0.021576	0.045	0.48	0.632
g3	-0.121176^***	0.036	-3.37	0.001
g4	0.100091^**	0.039	2.56	0.012
g5	-0.012843	0.022	-0.58	0.560