新疆喀什河流域水化学时空变化特征及灌溉适应性评价

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.274

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

喀什河是伊犁河的三大支流之一，了解流域水质状况对于伊犁地区生态保护具有重要意义。通过分析喀什河流域水化学组成及其成因，并以此为基础对河流进行灌溉适宜性评价。通过2018年7月—2021年7月期间采集喀什河河水水样289组、泉水水样5组、井水水样30组，应用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例关系等方法，探讨了喀什河流域水化学的时空变化特征和控制因素，并采用USSL图、Wilcox图对河水进行灌溉适宜性评价。结果表明：（1）喀什河流域各水体均呈现弱碱性，井水和泉水的溶解性总固体及电导率（EC）略大于河水，各水体水化学类型均为Ca²⁺-HCO₃^-型。（2）岩石风化是流域内各水体离子来源的主要控制因素，且各水体离子来源主要受碳酸盐岩风化作用的影响。（3）河水离子质量浓度短时间序列平缓变化表明，2018—2021年干流离子浓度因冰雪融水和降水的稀释作用强弱而变化，4—7月较低，8月—次年3月较高；空间变化上离子质量浓度随海拔的增加而降低。（4）河水的水质为优秀，可直接用作灌溉用水，但2021年的EC略有上升的趋势。研究结果可为喀什河谷水资源可持续利用、科学开发治理提供依据。

关键词: 时空变化特征, 水化学成因, 灌溉适宜性, 喀什河

Abstract:

The Kashi River is one of the three major tributaries of the Ili River, Xinjiang, China, and it is important to understand the water quality condition of the watershed for ecological protection in the Ili region. By analyzing the water chemistry composition of the Kashi River Basin and its causes, and using it as a basis for irrigation suitability evaluation of the river. By collecting 289 sets of water samples from the Kashi River, 5 sets of water samples from springs, and 30 sets of water samples from wells during July 2018—2021, the spatial and temporal variation characteristics and controlling factors of water chemistry in the Kashi River Basin were explored by applying mathematical statistics, Piper’s trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, and ion proportional relationship, and using USSL diagram, Wilcox diagrams were used to evaluate the suitability of river water for irrigation. The results show that: (1) All water bodies in the Kashi River Basin are weakly alkaline, the total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity (EC) of well water and spring water are slightly larger than those of river water, and the water chemistry type of each water body is Ca²⁺-HCO₃^-type. (2) Rock weathering is the main controlling factor for the ion source of each water body in the watershed, and the ion source of each water body is mainly affected by carbonate rock weathering. (3) The ion mass concentration of river water varies gently over a short time series, indicating that the ion concentration in the mainstem from 2018 to 2021 varies by the strength of the dilution effect of ice and snow melt and precipitation, being lower from April to July and higher from August to March; the ion mass concentration varies spatially with increasing elevation and the ion mass concentration decreases with the increase of elevation. (4) The water quality of the river is excellent and can be used directly as irrigation water, but the EC in 2021 has a slightly increasing trend. The results of the study can provide a basis for the sustainable use and scientific development and management of water resources in the Kashi River Valley.

Key words: temporal and spatial variation characteristics, hydrochemical origin, irrigation suitability, Kashi River

张勇军, 杨余辉, 胡义成, 冯先成, 杨景燕. 新疆喀什河流域水化学时空变化特征及灌溉适应性评价[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(4): 583-594.

ZHANG Yongjun, YANG Yuhui, HU Yicheng, FENG Xiancheng, YANG Jingyan. Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of hydrochemistry and irrigation adaptability evaluation in Kashi River Basin, Xinjiang[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(4): 583-594.

图/表 10

图1

表1

表2

喀什河流域水化学特征"

样品	特征值	pH	EC	TDS	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	Ca²⁺	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	HCO₃^-
河水（2018年）	最大值	8.41	242.00	539.60	23.13	238.91	160.53	17.94	36.19	32.37	392.68
	最小值	7.62	72.20	74.50	0.24	2.68	2.38	0.44	0.20	0.86	12.04
	中值	8.17	182.90	231.15	1.74	25.26	45.75	1.79	6.90	4.99	141.15
	标准差	0.22	38.01	75.57	3.30	32.91	21.28	2.50	4.88	4.45	53.19
	均值	8.10	182.27	236.27	2.20	28.85	45.35	2.06	7.11	5.22	141.00
	变异系数/%	2.71	20.85	31.99	150.12	114.10	46.92	121.15	68.69	85.29	37.73
河水（2019年）	最大值	8.39	438.00	588.12	10.55	56.09	123.55	2.69	10.61	15.31	296.23
	最小值	7.53	36.50	49.60	0.03	1.58	13.01	0.69	0.69	0.15	1.81
	中值	8.04	193.40	253.37	2.06	23.13	46.77	1.46	5.83	3.66	111.98
	标准差	0.20	51.88	67.83	1.66	5.92	12.50	0.42	1.75	2.11	35.39
	均值	8.04	195.43	253.94	2.01	22.20	47.89	1.47	5.70	3.90	114.25
	变异系数/%	2.48	26.54	26.71	82.69	26.67	26.11	28.52	30.68	54.11	30.98
河水（2020年）	最大值	8.43	322.00	358.29	7.43	50.25	72.75	13.45	8.53	9.75	167.30
	最小值	7.17	112.70	135.44	0.79	5.18	21.28	0.35	1.30	1.20	55.53
	中值	8.09	186.60	193.34	2.02	20.42	40.52	1.60	5.29	3.42	96.33
	标准差	0.26	45.44	49.78	0.79	5.58	7.50	1.31	1.54	1.29	26.09
	均值	8.06	202.65	205.00	2.12	20.52	41.39	1.75	5.49	3.67	103.00
	变异系数/%	3.18	22.42	24.29	37.10	27.21	18.12	74.97	28.15	35.23	25.33
河水（2021年）	最大值	8.47	442.00	363.27	16.66	63.04	79.70	4.10	17.87	21.45	236.53
	最小值	7.65	122.50	138.95	0.98	9.96	25.38	1.31	2.97	2.01	65.43
	中值	8.21	206.50	226.79	2.18	16.83	42.86	1.79	6.13	4.40	120.86
	标准差	0.24	68.86	60.24	1.96	7.56	10.35	0.66	2.33	2.94	30.94
	均值	8.18	219.15	230.01	2.54	19.01	41.98	2.05	6.12	4.79	115.83
	变异系数/%	2.88	31.42	26.19	77.07	39.73	24.66	32.15	38.07	61.32	26.72
泉水	最大值	8.29	884.00	749.44	25.62	171.18	121.37	3.42	77.71	71.61	378.88
	最小值	8.00	236.00	281.42	0.96	5.12	60.62	0.76	6.17	5.08	190.28
	中值	8.08	426.00	440.08	3.49	41.11	79.62	2.48	23.46	15.26	315.08
	标准差	0.10	269.71	185.39	11.46	73.96	25.24	0.90	30.81	30.53	77.15
	均值	8.10	557.40	496.56	11.28	77.04	87.91	2.37	39.71	34.04	292.04
	变异系数/%	1.25	48.39	37.33	101.61	96.01	28.71	37.91	77.60	89.69	26.42
井水	最大值	8.26	843.00	1039.95	32.38	220.50	107.88	4.51	50.22	149.32	394.18
	最小值	8.13	766.00	302.88	30.44	209.32	74.59	3.91	44.82	143.33	328.87
	中值	8.17	809.00	931.37	31.06	213.90	93.59	4.18	49.34	147.32	369.09
	标准差	0.03	18.94	118.65	0.47	2.43	7.35	0.10	1.06	1.81	16.43
	均值	8.17	804.97	910.94	31.10	214.33	92.65	4.16	49.06	147.10	367.55
	变异系数/%	0.43	2.35	13.02	1.50	1.13	7.94	2.51	2.16	1.23	4.47

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

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样品编号	纬度/°N	经度/°E	海拔/m
R1	43.8256	82.3739	964
R2	43.8437	82.7825	1178
R3	43.8039	82.1534	1373
R4	43.8031	83.1533	1488
R5	43.7198	83.5017	1596
R6	43.7071	83.7505	1764
R7	43.7214	84.0380	1986
R8	43.6524	84.3554	2255
R9	43.6741	84.4104	2599
R10	43.6872	84.4213	2710
R11	43.7093	84.4447	3022
R12	43.7921	83.2678	1525
R13	43.6897	83.6018	1719