陕北黄土高原生态系统服务与人类福祉关系的尺度依赖性——基于生态恢复与社会发展双重驱动

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.729

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

揭示重大生态工程区生态系统服务和人类福祉的交互作用及尺度效应，是实现社会-生态系统协同演化的关键。陕北黄土高原作为重大生态治理工程、精准扶贫和乡村振兴战略实施的重点区域，其生态系统服务和人类福祉经历了深刻重塑。运用InVEST模型、Spearman相关分析、耦合协调度模型等方法，在分析2000—2023年陕北黄土高原粮食生产量、碳储量、产水量、土壤保持量、生境质量等关键生态系统服务和人类福祉时空格局以及内部相关关系的基础上，探讨了生态系统服务和人类福祉在县域和乡镇2个尺度上的耦合协调规律及尺度依赖特征。结果表明：（1）生态系统服务和人类福祉时空演变呈现显著的空间错配：生态系统服务整体提升，呈“南高北低”分布格局；人类福祉亦得到显著改善，呈“北高南低”的分布格局。（2）生态系统服务和人类福祉各自系统内部要素间以协同为主：各类生态系统服务间、人类福祉内部间主要表现出正相关性。（3）生态系统服务和人类福祉的耦合协调关系存在显著的尺度依赖性：在县域和乡镇尺度上，耦合协调类型均以中度协调和拮抗为主，呈“失调区南移、协调区北迁”特征；相较县域尺度，乡镇尺度耦合协调度均值普遍下降，拮抗与失调单元增多。研究揭示了在陕北黄土高原区，宏观尺度的协同表象可能掩盖微观尺度的失衡风险，这对于制定兼顾生态公平与发展机会的、跨尺度的精准协同政策，以及推动黄土高原乃至同类生态脆弱区实现高质量发展具有借鉴意义。

关键词: 生态系统服务, 人类福祉, 耦合协调模型, 陕北黄土高原

Abstract:

Unraveling the interactions and scale effects between ecosystem services and human well-being within major ecological engineering zones is key to achieving social-ecological system coevolution. As a frontline for large-scale ecological restoration, poverty alleviation, and rural revitalization, the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi in China has undergone profound shifts in ecosystem services and human well-being. This study uses the InVEST model, Spearman correlation analysis, and the coupling coordination degree model to examine the spatiotemporal distribution and internal correlations of key ecosystem services and human well-being in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi from 2000 to 2023, including grain production, carbon storage, water yield, soil retention, and habitat quality. Therefore, this study explored the coupling coordination patterns and scale-dependent characteristics of ecosystem services and human well-being at the county and township levels. The results revealed that (1) A significant spatial mismatch occurred between the evolution of ecosystem services and human well-being: while ecosystem services overall improved with a “high-in-south, low-in-north” pattern, human well-being exhibited a “high-in-north, low-in-south” distribution. (2) Synergies predominated within both ecosystem services and human well-being systems, characterized by prevalent positive correlations among individual ecosystem service categories and human well-being dimensions. (3) Pronounced scale dependency was observed in ecosystem services and human well-being coupling coordination. In both scales, the relationships were dominated by moderate coordination and antagonism, exhibiting a trend where “maladjusted zones shifted southward while coordinated zones migrated northward”. Notably, compared to the county scale, the township scale exhibited lower mean coupling coordination degree values and a significant increase in antagonistic and maladjusted units. This study reveals that macroscale synergies may mask underlying imbalances and risks at microscales. These findings provide critical insights for formulating cross-scale, precision-targeted policies that balance ecological equity with development opportunities, ultimately fostering high-quality development in the Loess Plateau and similar ecologically vulnerable regions globally.

Key words: ecosystem service, human well-being, coupling coordination model, the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi

杨蓉欣, 原野, 袁媛, 杨雨青, 武艺超. 陕北黄土高原生态系统服务与人类福祉关系的尺度依赖性——基于生态恢复与社会发展双重驱动[J]. 干旱区地理, 2026, 49(5): 949-962.

YANG Rongxin, YUAN Ye, YUAN Yuan, YANG Yuqing, WU Yichao. Scale dependency of the relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi: Based on the dual drivers of ecological restoration and social development[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(5): 949-962.

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人类功能结构	功能指标	具体指标	单位	指标性质	层次分析法权重	熵权法权重	组合赋权法权重
基础功能	物质	人均耕地面积	hm²·人^-1	+	0.089	0.025	0.057
		人均粮食产量	t·人^-1	+	0.077	0.026	0.052
		人均油料产量	t·人^-1	+	0.053	0.052	0.052
		人均肉类产量	t·人^-1	+	0.043	0.023	0.033
		人均奶类产量	t·人^-1	+	0.035	0.043	0.039
	健康	医疗卫生机构床位数	个·(10⁴人)^-1	+	0.069	0.052	0.061
	教育	普通中小学在校人数	人·(10⁴人)^-1	+	0.073	0.046	0.060
		普通中小学专任教师人数	人·(10⁴人)^-1	+	0.071	0.034	0.052
		大专及以上人口数	人·(10⁴人)^-1	+	0.069	0.262	0.166
和谐功能	城乡一体	城乡人均可支配收入比（农村/城镇）	%	+	0.077	0.061	0.069
发展功能	生活水平	人均GDP	元·人^-1	+	0.072	0.063	0.067
		恩格尔系数	%	-	0.075	0.157	0.116
		地方财政一般公共预算收入	10⁸元	+	0.058	0.085	0.071
		地方财政一般公共预算支出	10⁸元	+	0.072	0.048	0.060
可持续功能	应对气候变化	碳排放强度	t·(10⁴元)^-1	-	0.067	0.023	0.045

耦合协调度（D）	耦合协调类型	相对发展度（R）	相对发展类型
0.0≤D≤0.2	高度失调	0.0≤R≤0.6	人类福祉领先型
		0.6<R≤1.2	二者同步发展型
		R>1.2	生态系统服务领先型
0.2<D≤0.4	中度失调	0.0≤R≤0.6	人类福祉领先型
		0.6<R≤1.2	二者同步发展型
		R>1.2	生态系统服务领先型
0.4<D≤0.6	拮抗	0.0≤R≤0.6	人类福祉领先型
		0.6<R≤1.2	二者同步发展型
		R>1.2	生态系统服务领先型
0.6<D≤0.8	中度协调	0.0≤R≤0.6	人类福祉领先型
		0.6<R≤1.2	二者同步发展型
		R>1.2	生态系统服务领先型
0.8<D≤1.0	高度协调	0.0≤R≤0.6	人类福祉领先型
		0.6<R≤1.2	二者同步发展型
		R>1.2	生态系统服务领先型