2001-2015年喜马拉雅南麓地区植被变化遥感监测

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本文应用喜马拉雅南麓地区MODIS NDVI 植被遥感数据和格点数据，采用趋势线分析、多元回归等方法分析了该研究区2001-2015 年植被 NDVI_max 时空变化特征，同时利用Person 相关分析探讨了植被 NDVI_max 时空变化特征与气候因子的响应关系。结果表明：（1）2001-2015 年，喜马拉雅南麓地区年内平均 NDVI_max 1~3 月份呈下降趋势，4~6 月份开始缓慢生长，6~9 月份进入植被生长高峰期，10 月份开始逐渐降低；植被 NDVI_max 平均值为0.59，植被覆盖度较高；空间上植被覆盖度总体呈东南高西北低，由东南向西北递减；平均 NDVI_max 随海拔变化表现出明显规律性，80%的植被主要分布在较低海拔区（<4 050 m）。（2）15 a 间，喜马拉雅南麓地区植被 NDVI_max 变化具有阶段性特征，年均 NDVI_max 呈三个变化阶段：2001-2006 年和2010-2015 年分别以0.003 9·a^-1、0.005 3·a^-1 的速率增长，而2006-2010 年以-0.007 0·a^-1 的速率减少。植被生长季 NDVI_max 呈4 个阶段：2001-2004 和2007-2010 年分别以-0.001 8·a^-1、-0.010 6·a^-1 的速率逐年减少，但2005、2006 两年（0.014 8·a^-1）快速增长至最大值，2010-2015 年（0.006 3 a^-1）波动增长。空间上大部分地区表现出不显著退化，但少部分地区表现出不显著改善（0.05< p<0.01），而西段低海拔区表现出极显著改善。（3）喜马拉雅南麓地区植被的变化主要由温度和降水量共同影响，此外，高海拔区气温上升引起的冰川融水对植被生长起到一定的作用，中部低海拔区可能还受到人类活动的影响。

关键词: 喜马拉雅南麓, 植被变化, 遥感, 气候变化

Abstract: Vegetation plays an important role in the global cycle of geobiochemistry, significantly affects the climate and sensitively responds to the climate change on the contrary. Consequently, studying the spatio-temporal features of the vegetation is vital for climate monitoring. The ecosystem of vegetation in the Eurasia is severely affected by climate change. As the border of the Indian subcontinent and Tibet Plateau, Himalayas alike makes intensivelyresponse to the climate change. It is an all-but uninhabited part in the world, holds abundant biodiversity, and has the most integrated vertical distribution of the vegetation.The vegetation in Himalayas Mountain has been well studied on the climate patterns, vegetation forms, land use and climate factors. However, the vegetation on the whole south mountain and the conditions of growth rate haven't been well studied. Besides, the primary climate factors affecting the vegetation change are still unknown. Based on remote sensing and grid data from MODIS NDVI in the mountainous areas of south Himalayas during 2001-2015, trend curvetheory and multiple regression method were applied toanalyze the spatio-temporal features of south Himalayas, and Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to study the correlations between climate factors and the NDVI_max values in this area during the past 15 years. The results show as follows:(1)during 2001-2015, the average value of NDVI_max decreased from January to March and slowly increased from April to June, then reached the peak period from June to September and began to decrease gradually from October to December. On the whole, the average value of NDVI_max was high(0.59), decreased from South-East to North-West, and furthermore, varied over elevation changes regularly, and 80% of the vegetation was below 4 050 meters; (2)the NDVI_max value in this area changed by timephase, of which the annual average varied in 3 phases, the change rates were 0.003 9·a^-1 and 0.005 3·a^-1 in 2001-2006 and 2010-2015, respectively, while-0.007 0·a^-1 in 2006-2010; during the growing season, the NDVI_max varied in 4 phases, the rates of change were-0.001 8·a^-1 and-0.010 6·a^-1 in 2001-2004 and 2007-2010, respectively, 0.014 8·a^-1 in 2005-2006 when the NDVI_max value reached the maximum and 0.006 3·a^-1 in 2010-2015 when the increase of NDVI_max value fluctuated. The vegetation was degrading insignificantly in most areas, while improving insignificantly(0.05< p<0.01)in a few areas and improving most significantly at the low altitudes in the west; (3)the vegetation in the area was affected by temperature and precipitation at the same time. Meanwhile, the vegetation could be improved by glacial melt run-off caused by temperature rising at high altitudes and affected by human activities at low altitudes in the middle of south Himalayas to some extent.

Key words: south Himalayas Mountain, vegetation change, remote sensing, climate change

中图分类号:

Q948.15

马磊, 闫浩文, 何毅, 张乾, 刘波. 2001-2015年喜马拉雅南麓地区植被变化遥感监测[J]. 干旱区地理, 2017, 40(2): 405-414.

MA Lei, YAN Hao-wen, HE Yi, ZHANG Qian, LIU Bo. Vegetation changes in south Himalayas areas based on remote sensing monitoring during 2001-2015[J]. , 2017, 40(2): 405-414.

参考文献

[1] UPGUPTA S, SHARMA J, JAYARAMAN M, et al. Climate change impact and vulnerability assessment of forests in the IndianWestern Himalayan region:Acase study of Himachal Pradesh, India[J]. Climate Risk Management, 2015, (10):63-76.

[2] YI S, WANG X, QIN Y, et al. Responses of alpine grassland on Qinghai-Tibetan plateau to climate warming and permafrost degradation: a modeling perspective[J]. Environmental Research Letters. 2014, 9(7):1195-1206.

[3] 马晓芳, 陈思宇, 邓婕, 等. 青藏高原植被物候监测及其对气候变化的响应[J]. 草业学报, 2016, (1):13-21.[MA Xiaofang, CHEN Siyu, DENG Jie, et al. Vegetation phenology dynamics and its response to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, (1):13-21.]

[4] PIAO S, WANG X, CIAIS P, et al. Changes in satellite-derived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006[J]. Global Change Biology. 2011, 17(10):3228- 3239.

[5] SINGH J S, SINGH S P. Forest vegetation of the Himalaya[J]. Botanical Review. 1987, 53(1):80-192.

[6] 李渤生. 东喜马拉雅南翼山地的半常绿阔叶林[J]. 植物学报, 1985, (3):334-336.[LI Bosheng. A simi-evergreen broad-leaf forest on the south slope of the eastern himalayas[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica, 1985, (3):334-336.]

[7] 郑度, 陈伟烈. 东喜马拉雅植被垂直带的初步研究[J]. 植物学报, 1981, (3):228-234.[ZHENG Du, CHEN Weilie. A preliminary study on the vertical belts of vegetation of the eastern Himalayas[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica, 1981, (3):228-234.]

[8] 何萍, 郭柯, 高吉喜, 等. 雅鲁藏布江源头区的植被及其地理分布特征[J]. 山地学报, 2005, (3):267-273.[HE Ping, GUO Ke, GAO Jixi, et al. Vegetation types and their geographic distribution in the source area of the Yarlung Zangbo[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 2005, (3):267-273.]

[9] ZHANG Y, GAO J, LIU L, et al. NDVI -based vegetation changes and their responses to climate change from 1982 to 2011:A case study in the Koshi River Basin in the middle Himalayas[J]. Global & Planetary Change, 2013, 108(3):139-148.

[10] GAUR U N, RATURI G P, BHATT A B. Quantitative response of vegetation in glacial moraine of Central Himalaya[J]. Environmentalist, 2003, 23(3):237-247.

[11] PAUDEL K P, ANDERSEN P. Response of rangeland vegetation to snow cover dynamics in Nepal Trans Himalaya[J]. Climatic Change, 2013, 117(117):149-162.

[12] HAJRA P K, RAO R R. Distribution of vegetation types in northwest Himalaya with brief remarks on phytogeography and floral resource conservation[J]. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Section A Part 3 Mathematical Sciences, 1990, 100(4):263-277.

[13] TRIPATHI S K, VERMA K R, UPADHYAY V P. Analysis of forest vegetation at Kasar Devi hill of north-west Almora division in Kumaun Himalaya[J]. Proceedings:Plant Sciences, 1987, 97(3):265-276.

[14] SHAHEEN H, ULLAH Z, KHAN S M, et al. Species composition and community structure of western Himalayan moist temperate forests in Kashmir[J]. Forest Ecology & Management, 2012, 278(6):138-145.

[15] 刘晓尘, 效存德. 1974-2010 年雅鲁藏布江源头杰玛央宗冰川及冰湖变化初步研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2011, (3):488-496.[LIU Xiaochen, Xiao Cunde. Preliminary study of the Jiemayangzong Glacier and lake variations in the source regions of the Yarlung Zangbo River in 1974-2010[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2011, (3):488-496.]

[16] SHAHEEN H, QURESHI R A, SHINWARI Z K. Structural diversity, vegetation dynamics and anthropogenic impact on lesser Himalayan subtropical forests of Bagh District, Kashmir[J]. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2011, 8(43):1861-1866.

[17] HAJRA P K, RAO R. Distribution of vegetation types in northwest Himalaya with brief remarks on phytogeography and floral resource conservation[J]. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, 1990, 100(4):263-277.

[18] 周梦甜, 李军, 朱康文. 近15 a 新疆不同类型植被 NDVI 时空动态变化及对气候变化的响应[J]. 干旱区地理, 2015, 38(4): 779-787.[ZHOU Mengtian, LI Jun, ZHU Kangwen. Spatialtemporal dynamics of different types of vegetation NDVI and its response to climate change in Xinjiang during 1998-2012[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2015, 38(4):779-787.]

[19] 何毅, 杨太保, 陈杰, 等. 1960-2013 年南北疆风速变化特征分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2015, 38(2):249-259.[HE Yi, YANG Taibo, CHEN Jie, et al. Wind Speed Change in North and South Xinjiang from 1960 to 2013[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2015, 38 (2):249-259.]

[20] 王涛, 沈渭寿, 欧阳琰, 等. 1982-2010 年西藏草地生长季 NDVI 时空变化特征[J]. 草地学报, 2014, (1):46-51.[WANG Tao, SHEN Weishou, OUYANG Yan, et al. Characteristics of temporal and spatial variations in the grass growing season of Tibet during the period of 1982 to 2010[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2014, (1):46-51.]

[21] 夏照华. 基于 NDVI 时间序列的植被动态变化研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2007.[XIA Zhaohua. The studies on dynamic of vegetation based on NDVI time series[D]. Beijing:Forestry University, 2007.]

[22] 张经炜, 姜恕. 珠穆朗玛峰地区的植被垂直分带及其与水平地带关系的初步研究[J]. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 1973, (2):221-238.[CHANG Kingwai, CHIANG Shu. A primary study on the vertical vegetation belt of Mt.Jolmo-Lungma (Everst)Region and its relationship with horizontal zone[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica, 1973, (2):221-238.]

[23] 梁四海, 陈江, 金晓媚, 等. 近21 年青藏高原植被覆盖变化规律[J]. 地球科学进展, 2007, (1):33-40.[LIANG Sihai, CHEN Jiang, JIN Xiaomei, et al. Regularity of vegetation coverage changes in the Tibetan Plateau over the last 21 years[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2007, (1):33-40.]

[24] 李净, 刘红兵, 李龙, 等. 基于多源遥感数据集的近30a 西北地区植被动态变化研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2016, 39(2):387-394.

[LI Jing, LIU Hongbing, LI Long, et al. Vegetation dynamic changes in northwest China based on multi-source remote sensing datasets in recent 30 years[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2016, 39(2):387-394.]

[25] 武正丽, 贾文雄, 赵珍, 等. 2000-2012 年祁连山植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性[J]. 干旱区地理, 2015, 38(6): 1241-1252.[WU Zhengli, JIA Wenxiong, ZHAO Zhen, et al. Spatial-temporal variations of vegetation and its correlation withclimatic factors in Qilian Mountains from 2000 to 2012[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2015, 38(6):1241-1252.]

[26] YI Shuhua, WANG Xiaoyun, QIN Yu, et al. Responses of alpine grassland on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to climate warming and permafrost degradation:a modeling perspective[J]. Environment Research Letters, 2014, (9):074014.

[27] 李晓兵, 史培军. 中国典型植被类型 NDVI 动态变化与气温、降水变化的敏感性分析[J]. 植物生态学报, 2000, (3):379-382.[LI Xiaobing, SHI Peijun. Sensitivity analysis of variation in NDVI, temperature and precipitation in typical vegetation types across China[J]. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2000, (3):379- 382.]

[28] 张东启, 效存德, 秦大河. 近几十年来喜马拉雅山冰川变化及其对水资源的影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009, (5):885-895.[ZHANG Dongqi, XIAO Cunde, QIN Dahe. Himalayan glaciers fluctuation over the latest decades and its impact on water resources[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009, (5):885-895.]