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干旱区地理 ›› 2001, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (4): 310-313.doi: 10.13826/j.cnki.cn65-1103/x.2001.04.004

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中国西北地区季节性积雪的性质与结构

魏文寿1, 2, 秦大河2, 刘明哲1   

  1. 1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所, 乌鲁木齐 830011;
    2.中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所, 兰州 730000
  • 收稿日期:2001-02-21 修回日期:2001-08-06 发布日期:2025-12-31
  • 基金资助:
    中国科学院知识创新工程重大项目:(kzcx1-10-07)和(kzcx2-305)资助

PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF THE SEASONAL SNOW COVER IN THE NORTHWEST REGIONS oF CHINA

WEI Wen-shou1,2, QIN Da-he2, LIU Ming-zhe1   

  1. 1. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;
    2. Cold and Arid Regions Emoironmental and Enginering Research Institude, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • Received:2001-02-21 Revised:2001-08-06 Online:2025-12-31

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摘要： 中国内陆地区积雪分布十分广泛。根据西北地区大陆性气候条件下形成的“干寒型”积雪的特征, 对中国天山和阿尔泰山山区的季节性积雪进行了观测与分析。结果表明, 该区最大积雪深度达152cm(1997), 积雪层一般由新雪(或表层凝结霜)、细粒雪、中粒雪、粗粒雪、松散深霜、聚合深霜层和薄融冻冰层组成。与“湿暖型”积雪相比, “干寒型”积雪的性质具有密度小(新雪的最小密度为0.04 g/cm3)、含水率少(隆冬期<1%)、温度梯度大(最大可达-0.52℃/cm)、深霜发育层厚等特点, 并且变质作用以热量交换和雪层压力变质作用为主。据中国科学院天山积雪与雪崩研究站(43°20N, 84°29E, 海拔1776m)的观测资料, 中国内陆干旱区冬季积雪期雪面太阳辐射通量以负平衡为主, 新雪雪面反射率达96%, 短波辐射在干寒型积雪中的穿透厚度达28cm。春季积雪消融期, 深霜层厚度可占整个积雪层厚度的80%。随着气温的升高, 雪粒间的键链首先融化, 使积雪变得松散, 内聚力、抗压、抗拉和抗剪强度降低, 积雪含水率也随之增大, 整个积雪层趋于接近0℃的等温现象, 因此, 春季天山、阿尔泰山等山地全层性湿雪崩频繁发生。

关键词: 季节性积雪, “干寒型”积雪, 温度梯度, 中国

Abstract: The continental regions of China are extensively covered by snow during winter. In this paper, the seasonalsnow cover in the 'Tianshan Mountains and Altay Mountain is observed and analyzed, based on the characteris*tics of the dry cold snow cover accumulating under the continental dclimatic conditions in northwest China. Com-pared with the humid warm snow cover, the dry cold snow cover is mainly characterized by small density, lowwater content, large temperature gradient, thick depth hoar, elc., and its metamorphism is dominated by thethermal exchange and the pressure of the overlying snow layers. According to the observed data, the solar radiation flux on the snow surface is dominated by a negative balance in the arid areas in China during the snow season; the albedo on the new fallen snow surface is up to 96%, and the transmission depth of short wave radiationin dry-cold snow cover is 28 cm. During the snow melting season in spring, the thickness of the depth hoar canoccupy 80% of the whole snow cover.

Key words: seasonal snow cover, dry cold snow cover, temperature gradient, Chian

中图分类号: 

  • P426.635