塔里木河下游生态输水条件下胡杨林生态系统恢复研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.03.04

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于文献阅读,对塔里木河下游生态输水条件下胡杨林生态系统的恢复响应进行了讨论分析。生态输水显著抬升了地下水位,降低了地下水矿化度与土壤干旱指数,有效改善了塔里木河下游胡杨林生态系统的生境;胡杨复壮明显,距河道50 m胡杨冠幅最大增长达511.20%,距河道500 m内胡杨枯枝比平均小于0.15。输水后,下游胡杨树干径向生长平均增加62.80%,以胡杨为建群种的下游荒漠河岸林植被面积从2000年的492 km²增加到2020年的1423 km²,其中,低、中、高覆盖度植被面积分别增加20.80%、448.00%和190.00%;下游生态环境与植被群落对输水响应敏感,随输水量变化响应波动;现有输水模式因缺乏面上水文过程而难以保障下游胡杨林的有效更新,胡杨种群历经输水20 a依然保持“倒金字塔”型的退化龄级结构,并出现显著的性比偏雄与性别空间分异;胡杨群落依然处于恢复演替的初级阶段且不稳定,下游生态系统退化态势尚未彻底扭转。基于研究综述,探讨了塔里木河下游生态恢复中存在的问题,提出“优化输水方案,扩大受水面积和采取更加积极的恢复措施”的建议。

关键词: 塔里木河, 生态输水, 胡杨, 生态恢复

Abstract:

The desert riparian forest distributed in the Tarim River Basin, with Populus euphratica Oliv. as the dominant species, is an important desert forest ecosystem in Central Asia. It provides multiple ecological services for the region, including resource supply, climate regulation, sand protection, soil and water conservation, and biodiversity protection, and an important P. euphratica gene pool. However, because of the large-scale development of water and soil resources in the upper reaches of the Tarim River Basin, the spatial distribution of water resources in its upper and lower reaches is gradually imbalanced, resulting in a 400-km river cutoff in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. As a result, P. euphratica forest ecosystems in the lower reaches of the basin were seriously degraded, desertification intensified, biodiversity was significantly reduced, and the ecological environment deteriorated day by day. In 2000, the Chinese government began to implement an ecological restoration project in the Tarim River and enforce ecological water conveyance to the lower reaches to save the dying P. euphratica forest. On the basis of the literature review, in this paper, the restoration of P. euphratica forest ecosystems under ecological water conveyance in the last 20 years in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was discussed and analyzed. Ecological water conveyance significantly raised the groundwater level, reduced the groundwater salinity and soil drought index, and effectively improved the habitat of P. euphratica forest ecosystems in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The rejuvenation of P. euphratica was obvious: its crown width increased by 511.20% at 50 m away from the river, and its crown was full within 500 m away from the river; the average ratio of dead branches was less than 0.15. Because of water conveyance, on average, the radial growth of P. euphratica trunk increased by 62.80%, and the vegetation area of the desert riparian forest with P. euphratica as the constructive species increased from 492 km ² in 2000 to 1423 km² in 2020. Low-, medium-, and high-coverage vegetation areas increased by 20.80%, 448.00%, and 190.00%, respectively, in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The ecological environment and vegetation community in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were sensitive to and fluctuated with changes in water conveyance. The existing ecological water conveyance mode barely ensured the effective regeneration of the P. euphratica forest in the lower reaches because of its lack of surface hydrological processes, and the P. euphratica population still maintained the “inverted pyramid” degradation age class structure after 20 years of ecologic water conveyance. There were significant sex ratio bias and sexual spatial segregation in the P. euphratica community in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, which was still in the primary stage of restoration and succession, and the degradation trend of the downstream P. euphratica community had not been completely reversed. On the basis of the review, in this paper, the problems in the ecological restoration of the lower reaches of the Tarim River were discussed, and suggestions for “optimizing the water conveyance scheme, expanding the water receiving area, and taking more active restoration measures” were put forward.

Key words: Tarim River, ecological water conveyance, Populus euphratica, ecological restoration

朱成刚,艾克热木∙阿布拉,李卫红,周洪华. 塔里木河下游生态输水条件下胡杨林生态系统恢复研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(3): 629-636.

ZHU Chenggang,Aikeremu Abula,LI Weihong,ZHOU Honghua. Ecosystem restoration of Populus euphratica forest under the ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(3): 629-636.

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