塔里木河下游生态输水对荒漠河岸林生态恢复力的影响

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.03.03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态恢复力是指生态系统在外界干扰下通过自我调节、恢复到未受损前状态的能力,研究生态恢复力可为有效应对外界干扰对生态系统的威胁提供理论基础。基于对过去20 a近河岸荒漠河岸林植被归一化植被指数（NDVI）和气象数据的分析,研究了塔里木河下游不同河段4个时期（2001—2005年、2006—2010年、2011—2015年和2016—2019年）植被净初级生产力（NPP）的均值以及生态系统抵抗力、稳定性和恢复力状况,得到了不同时期不同河段生态系统的恢复状况。结果表明：（1） 2016—2019年具有最大的NPP均值和最大值,与2006—2015年相比,生态系统恢复力较大,但略小于2001—2005年。（2）上段2011—2015年恢复力最大,中、下段2016—2019年恢复力最大,上、中和下段2006—2010年恢复力最低。（3）输水20 a后,上段生态系统的恢复状况较中、下段好。（4）生态恢复是相对于某种状态而言的,生态输水后前10 a生态恢复力较低,表明生态系统不容易恢复到未退化状态,而后10 a生态恢复力较大,说明生态系统越来越接近未退化状况,植被整体生长状况在改善。

关键词: 生态系统恢复力, 稳定性, 抵抗力, 荒漠河岸林, 塔里木河下游

Abstract:

The Tarim River is an important inland river with simple species composition and nutrient structure in southern Xinjiang, China. In the past few decades, with the intensification of human activities, the intensity of the water resources development and use has increased, seriously squeezing the ecological water consumption. As a consequence, the river stopped flowing and the vegetation of the desert riparian forests in the lower reaches of Tarim River decayed. To save the seriously declining desert riparian forests, an ecological water conveyance project has been carried out in the lower reaches of Tarim River since 2000. However, the status of ecosystem resilience after water conveyance has not been deeply and systematically studied yet. Ecological resilience refers to the ability of an ecosystem to restore itself to its pre-damaged state through self-regulation under external disturbance. This study provides a theoretical basis for effectively dealing with the threat of external disturbance to the ecosystem. Based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and meteorological factors data in the past 20 years, the net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation was calculated using the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach model. The mean value, ecosystem resistance, stability, and resilience for the NPP of vegetation in four periods (2001—2005, 2006—2010, 2011—2015, and 2016—2019) in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were studied and the ecosystem restoration status in different river sections and distinct periods was obtained. The ecosystem stability was reflected by analyzing the average NPP change, NPP range, variance, and coefficient of variation in the four periods. Smaller NPP range, variance, coefficient of variation, and FW slope in a certain period led to higher stability of the ecosystem. The ecosystem resistance was comprehensively reflected on the probability analysis of the NPP reduction based on frequency distribution and the prediction of minimum NPP based on the environmental index (EI). A larger NPP mean, stability, resistance, and maximum NPP are related to greater ecosystem resilience. The results revealed that: (1) in 2016—2019, the NPP exhibited the maximum mean and maximum value and the ecosystem recovery ability was larger compared with that of 2006—2015, but slightly smaller compared with that of 2001—2005. This behavior is probably related to the significant rise of groundwater depth and the increase of surface vegetation cover in the early stage of ecological water conveyance. (2) The resilience was the greatest for the upper section in 2011—2015 and middle and lower sections in 2016—2019. The lowest resilience for the upper, middle, and lower sections was observed in 2006—2010, which is probably related to the persistently low ecological water delivery in 2006—2010. (3) After 20 years of ecological water conveyance, the restoration of the ecosystem upper segment was better than that of the middle and lower segments. (4) The ecological restoration was related to a certain state, and the ecological resilience of the first 10 years after ecological water conveyance was relatively low, demonstrating the difficulty to restore the ecosystem to the non-degraded state, while the ecological resilience of the last 10 years was relatively high, indicating that the ecosystem is getting closer to the undegraded condition. Moreover, the overall vegetation growth is improving, suggesting that the area of receiving water in the desert riparian forest could be enlarged and the ecological benefit of water conveyance could be improved by branching the braided river in the future.

Key words: ecosystem resilience, stability, resistance, desert riparian forests, the lower reaches of Tarim River

付爱红,程勇,李卫红,朱成刚,陈亚鹏. 塔里木河下游生态输水对荒漠河岸林生态恢复力的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(3): 620-628.

FU Aihong,CHENG Yong,LI Weihong,ZHU Chenggang,CHEN Yapeng. Effects of ecological water conveyance on ecological resilience of desert riparian forests in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(3): 620-628.

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区段	时段	NPP范围/g C·m^-2	变异系数（CV）	NPP方差/g C·m^-2	FW斜率	排序
大西海子—台特玛湖	2001—2005年	192.13(1)	0.88(2)	217.47(1)	0.06(2)	1.50
	2006—2010年	200.97(3)	0.83(1)	239.12(2)	-0.03(4)	2.50
	2011—2015年	192.90(2)	0.88(2)	305.01(3)	-0.04(3)	2.50
	2016—2019年	212.48(4)	1.00(3)	441.75(4)	0.05(1)	3.00
大西海子—英苏	2001—2005年	180.52(2)	1.00(3)	666.08(1)	0.05(2)	2.00
	2006—2010年	186.27(3)	0.93(2)	687.57(2)	-0.02(4)	2.75
	2011—2015年	180.18(1)	0.91(1)	722.11(3)	-0.04(3)	2.00
	2016—2019年	207.78(4)	1.01(4)	900.89(4)	0.04(1)	3.25
英苏—阿拉干	2001—2005年	60.99(1)	0.37(1)	34.12(1)	0.05(1)	1.00
	2006—2010年	67.96(2)	0.42(2)	54.86(2)	-0.03(3)	2.25
	2011—2015年	146.53(3)	0.66(3)	173.70(3)	-0.05(2)	2.75
	2016—2019年	163.49(4)	0.87(4)	366.95(4)	0.05(1)	3.25
阿拉干—台特玛湖	2001—2005年	39.37(1)	0.36(1)	18.70(1)	0.07(2)	1.25
	2006—2010年	58.25(2)	0.39(2)	26.78(2)	-0.06(3)	2.25
	2011—2015年	74.99(3)	0.48(3)	44.86(3)	-0.05(4)	3.25
	2016—2019年	119.53(4)	0.75(4)	127.86(4)	0.05(1)	3.25

区段	不同时段	低NPP的概率/%	高NPP的概率/%	NPP最小值/g C·m^-2	NPP最大值/g C·m^-2
大西海子—台特玛湖	2001—2005年	3.10	1.20	0.18	192.31
	2006—2010年	2.00	2.00	0.25	201.22
	2011—2015年	2.00	4.38	0.16	193.07
	2016—2019年	2.20	2.00	0.10	212.58
大西海子—英苏	2001—2005年	1.00	0.70	0.19	192.31
	2006—2010年	0.80	1.00	0.26	201.22
	2011—2015年	0.60	0.20	0.20	191.96
	2016—2019年	0.80	2.00	0.25	212.58
英苏—阿拉干	2001—2005年	1.80	1.00	5.63	71.57
	2006—2010年	0.80	0	6.75	77.43
	2011—2015年	1.00	1.00	6.25	156.68
	2016—2019年	2.20	1.05	5.12	175.33
阿拉干—台特玛湖	2001—2005年	1.50	1.70	0.55	48.50
	2006—2010年	1.00	0.30	1.17	60.52
	2011—2015年	0.80	2.00	0.16	82.48
	2016—2019年	1.20	2.10	0.11	130.20