塔里木河流域水储量变化及绿洲生态安全评估

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000－6060.2023.247

干旱区地理 ›› 2024, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1): 1-14.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000－6060.2023.247

塔里木河流域水储量变化及绿洲生态安全评估

张齐飞^1,²(),陈亚宁²,孙从建^1,²(),向燕芸³,郝海超⁴

1.山西师范大学地理科学学院，山西太原 030031
2.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
3.山西财经大学公共管理学院，山西太原 030006
4.华东师范大学地理科学学院，上海 200241

收稿日期:2023-05-29 修回日期:2023-06-25 出版日期:2024-01-25 发布日期:2024-01-26
通讯作者: 孙从建（1986-），男，博士，教授，主要从事气候变化与水循环研究. E-mail: suncongjian@sina.com
作者简介:张齐飞（1989-），男，博士，副教授，主要从事干旱区生态水文过程研究. E-mail: zhangqifei15@mails.ucas.ac.cn
基金资助:
第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2022xjkk0100)

Changes in terrestrial water storage and evaluation of oasis ecological security in the Tarim River Basin

ZHANG Qifei^1,²(),CHEN Yaning²,SUN Congjian^1,²(),XIANG Yanyun³,HAO Haichao⁴

1. School of Geographical Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
3. School of Public Administration, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
4. School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China

Received:2023-05-29 Revised:2023-06-25 Online:2024-01-25 Published:2024-01-26

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

绿洲是干旱、半干旱地区最具生态敏感性和独特性的景观类型，是维系人类生存和社会经济发展的重要区域。然而，在气候变化与人类活动双重影响下，干旱区水资源及其绿洲生境正发生剧烈变化。基于2000—2020年MODIS、GRACE卫星数据、土地利用数据和气象观测资料，通过计算植被覆盖度，估算植被初级生产力（NPP）和遥感生态指数（RSEI），系统分析了过去20 a塔里木河（简称塔河）流域陆地水储量和绿洲的动态变化并完成了绿洲区生态安全评估。结果表明：（1） 2002—2020年塔河流域陆地水储量以0.27 mm·月^-1的速率减少，空间上塔河流域陆地水储量在北部和西部区域显著减少，而在南部区域显著增加。（2） 2000—2020年塔河流域绿洲面积显著增加，面积增加6.49%（0.42×10⁴km²）。塔河流域整体生态环境呈转好趋势，生态等级由较差级别转为中等级别，生态改善区占总流域面积的69%，而生态退化区面积不足5%。塔河流域归一化植被指数（NDVI）由2000年的0.13增至2020年的0.16，近20 a植被覆盖度增加36.79%，NPP增加31.55%。（3）气温升高和降水增多的同时伴随下游河川径流增加，这进一步加剧了塔河流域陆地水资源储量的时空差异性，但人类活动仍是绿洲显著扩张最根本的原因。

关键词: 陆地水储量, 绿洲动态变化, 生态安全评估, 塔里木河流域

Abstract:

Oases are unique and ecologically sensitive landscape types in arid and semiarid regions and play a crucial role in sustaining human survival and socioeconomic development. However, climatic changes and human activities are causing drastic changes to water resources and the oasis eco-environment. This study analyzes terrestrial water storage changes and assesses the ecological security of oases in the Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang, China. The assessment was performed using the fraction of vegetation cover, a remote sensing ecological index, and net primary productivity (NPP) using the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach. The analysis used moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer satellite images, GRACE data, land use data, and climatic gridded and observed data from 2002 to 2020. The results indicate the following: (1) Terrestrial water storage in the Tarim River Basin decreased at a rate of 0.27 mm per month. Spatially, terrestrial water storage in the northern and western regions of the Tarim River Basin exhibited a negative trend, whereas that in the southern regions of the Basin showed a positive trend. (2) The total oasis area in the Tarim River Basin expanded by 6.49% (0.42×10⁴ km²) from 2000 to 2020. The ecological security of the basin improved, and the eco-environment ranged from poor to general grade. Approximately 69% of the region’s eco-environment improved, whereas the area of ecological degradation was less than 5%. The normalized difference vegetation index increased from 0.13 in 2000 to 0.16 in 2020, the fraction of vegetation cover increased by 36.79%, and the NPP expanded by 31.55% in the past 20 years. (3) Rising temperatures and precipitation contributed to increased downstream river runoff and spatiotemporal variability of water resources in the Tarim River Basin. However, human activities are a key factor in the expansion of oases.

Key words: terrestrial water storage, oasis dynamic change, evaluation of oasis ecological security, Tarim River Basin

张齐飞, 陈亚宁, 孙从建, 向燕芸, 郝海超. 塔里木河流域水储量变化及绿洲生态安全评估[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(1): 1-14.

ZHANG Qifei, CHEN Yaning, SUN Congjian, XIANG Yanyun, HAO Haichao. Changes in terrestrial water storage and evaluation of oasis ecological security in the Tarim River Basin[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(1): 1-14.

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水系序号	流域	绿洲范围面积/km²	水文站	流域面积/km²	年均径流量/10⁸ m³	冰川占比/%
1	开孔河（开都河-博斯腾湖）	6901.08	大山口	19022	41.65	1.21
1	开孔河（孔雀河）	4074.80	塔什店	33200	14.44	0.00
2	迪那河	1882.67	迪那河	5193	1.95	0.43
3	渭干-库车河	9415.49	黑孜、卡拉苏、拜城、卡木鲁克、破城子、托克逊	10774	29.67	15.12
4	阿克苏河	15634.70	协合拉、沙里桂兰克	50000	79.89	3.52
5	喀什噶尔河	16025.20	恰其嘎、卡浪沟吕克、维他克、克勒克、卡拉贝利、沙曼	28659	66.52	5.80
6	叶尔羌河	17410.10	卡群	50248	67.85	1.45
7	和田河	9066.15	乌鲁瓦提、同古孜洛克	34558	46.08	5.34
8	策勒-克里雅河	4115.07	策勒	9390	9.78	5.23
9	车尔臣河	5408.91	且末	26822	6.63	1.98

塔里木河流域水储量变化及绿洲生态安全评估

Changes in terrestrial water storage and evaluation of oasis ecological security in the Tarim River Basin

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