缺测站干旱流域生态输水遥感监测与农业节水效益分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2021.296

干旱区地理 ›› 2022, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (3): 774-785.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2021.296

缺测站干旱流域生态输水遥感监测与农业节水效益分析

潘子豪¹(),杨胜天¹,娄和震¹(),于静洁^2,³,王忠静⁴,张军¹

1.北京师范大学水科学研究院,北京 100875
2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所中国科学院陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室,北京 100101
3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
4.清华大学水利系水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室,北京 100084

收稿日期:2021-06-29 修回日期:2021-09-09 出版日期:2022-05-25 发布日期:2022-05-31
通讯作者: 娄和震
作者简介:潘子豪（1995-）,男,博士研究生,主要从事遥感水文方面研究. E-mail: 202031470004@mail.bnu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(U1812401);国家自然科学基金(41801334);清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室开放基金(sklhse-2021-A-04)

Remote sensing monitoring of ecological water conveyance and benefits evaluation of agricultural water-saving in arid basin without observation station

PAN Zihao¹(),YANG Shengtian¹,LOU Hezhen¹(),YU Jingjie^2,³,WANG Zhongjing⁴,ZHANG Jun¹

1. College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4. State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Received:2021-06-29 Revised:2021-09-09 Online:2022-05-25 Published:2022-05-31
Contact: Hezhen LOU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态输水与农业节水是实现内陆干旱流域可持续发展的重要手段,连续水文观测资料的缺乏制约了生态输水与农业节水效益评价。为此,以中国甘肃敦煌疏勒河流域下游为例,基于遥感水文站与谷歌地球引擎进行2016—2020年月尺度的生态输水遥感监测,在此基础上结合蒸散发和土地覆盖类型等多源遥感数据评价生态输水与农业节水效益,分析两者之间在水资源方面的平衡关系。结果表明：（1）遥感水文站与谷歌地球引擎（Google Earth Engine, GEE）能够为生态输水遥感监测与农业节水效益评价提供可靠的数据支撑。（2） 2017—2020年生态输水能够为下游湿地与河道平均每年提供2.50×10⁸ m³生态用水,其中30.06%的水量到达下游湿地,18.47%的水量被下游河道周边的植被所利用,且使下游河道周边植被面积增加112.25 km²。（3）农业节水在保持耕地面积维持上升趋势的前提下,2017—2020年平均每年降低耕地的蒸散发量0.395×10⁸ m³;耕地蒸散发减少量平均占生态输水量的14.22%,农业节水有效缓解了内陆干旱流域农业用水挤占生态用水的问题。本文将为内陆干旱缺测站流域的生态输水遥感监测与农业节水效益评价提供新的思路,以期为未来的生态输水与农业节水工程的实施提供理论支撑。

关键词: 生态输水, 农业节水, 内陆干旱流域, 遥感水文站, 谷歌地球引擎

Abstract:

Ecological water conveyance and agricultural water-saving are known to be important means to achieve sustainable development in inland arid basins. Due to the scarcity of hydrological stations, the monitoring and benefit evaluation of ecological water conveyance and agricultural water-saving are limited. Thus, in this study, we will examine the lower reaches of the Shule River Basin in Dunhuang, Gansu Province, China. First, monthly remote sensing monitoring of ecological water conveyance from 2016 to 2020 was performed using remote sensing hydrological stations and Google Earth Engine (GEE). The benefits of ecological water conveyance and agricultural water-saving are then evaluated in conjunction with evapotranspiration and land cover types. Finally, the balance between ecological water conveyance and agricultural water-saving is analyzed in terms of water resources. The results show that (1) the remote sensing hydrological station and GEE can provide reliable data support for remote sensing monitoring of ecological water conveyance and evaluating water-saving benefits of agriculture. (2) From 2017 to 2020, ecological water conveyance can provide an average of 2.50×10⁸ m³ ecological water per year to the downstream wetland and river, of which 30.06% reaches the downstream wetland and 18.47% is used by the vegetation around the downstream river, resulting in a significant increase in vegetation area of 112.25 km². (3) From 2017 to 2020, agricultural water-saving can effectively reduce the evapotranspiration of cultivated land by an average of 0.395×10⁸ m per year, assuming that arable land area continues to grow. The decrease in evapotranspiration on cultivated land accounted for 14.22% of the ecological water conveyance capacity, thus effectively alleviating the problem of agricultural water occupying ecological water in the inland arid basin. This study proposes a novel approach for monitoring ecological water conveyance and evaluating agricultural water-saving benefits in the inland drought lack station basin via remote sensing, with the goal of providing theoretical support for the implementation of ecological water conveyance and agricultural water-saving projects in the future.

Key words: ecological water conveyance, agricultural water-saving, inland arid basin, remote sensing hydrological station, Google Earth Engine (GEE)

潘子豪,杨胜天,娄和震,于静洁,王忠静,张军. 缺测站干旱流域生态输水遥感监测与农业节水效益分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(3): 774-785.

PAN Zihao,YANG Shengtian,LOU Hezhen,YU Jingjie,WANG Zhongjing,ZHANG Jun. Remote sensing monitoring of ecological water conveyance and benefits evaluation of agricultural water-saving in arid basin without observation station[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(3): 774-785.

图/表 12

图1

表1

表2

图2

表3

遥感水文站主要数据"

数据名称	获取方式
$坡降$ （J）	由无人机影像测量
糙率（n）	根据河道情况查表获取
水面宽度（W）/m	由无人机影像测量或卫星遥感NDWI反演
水深（D）/m	由水面宽度和数字河道模型获得
水位（WL）/m	由水面宽度和数字河道模型获得
过流面积（A）/m²	由水面宽度和数字河道模型获得
湿周长（L）/m	由水面宽度和数字河道模型获得
水力半径（R）/m	由过流面积除以湿周长获得
流速（V）/m·s^-1	根据曼宁公式计算
流量（Q）/m³·s^-1	由流速与过流面积相乘获得

表3

图3

表4

图4

图5

图6

图7

表5

参考文献 39

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断面名称	经纬度	低空遥感			野外实地测量
断面名称	经纬度	飞行高度/m	影像数量/张	覆盖面积/m²	流速/m·s^-1	水深/m
1号断面	94°58′16"E,40°31′01"N	120	218	190577	2.0	0.5
2号断面	94°32′13"E,40°30′00"N	120	307	179793	0.8	0.7
3号断面	93°41′13"E,40°24′25"N	120	320	191816	0.5	0.5

数据集名称	GEE地址	波段	空间分辨率/m	时间分辨率	年份
Sentinel-2地表反射率	COPERNICUS/S2_SR	NIR, GREEN	10	5 d	2016—2020
MODIS土地覆盖类型	MODIS/006/MCD12Q1	LC_TYPE1	500	1 a	2010—2019
MODIS地面净蒸散发量	MODIS/006/MOD16A2	ET	500	8 d	2010—2020

日期（年-月）	遥感反演河宽/m	水深/m	过流面积 /m²	流速 /m·s^-1
2020-01	-	-	-	-
2020-02	-	-	-	-
2020-03	36.2	0.66	21.79	0.80
2020-04	35.4	0.54	17.62	0.70
2020-05	35.7	0.59	19.16	0.74
2020-06	35.7	0.59	19.16	0.74
2020-07	33.0	0.28	8.51	0.45
2020-08	33.5	0.32	10.02	0.50
2020-09	35.8	0.61	19.79	0.75
2020-10	36.5	0.71	23.56	0.83

年份	1号断面水量/10⁸ m³	耕地蒸散发减少量		植被蒸散发变化量
年份	1号断面水量/10⁸ m³	数值/10⁸m³	百分比/%	数值/10⁸m³	百分比/%
2010	-	0.00	-	-	-
2011	-	0.06	-	0.08	-
2012	-	-0.13	-	0.18	-
2013	-	0.28	-	0.20	-
2014	-	0.00	-	0.24	-
2015	-	0.63	-	0.30	-
2016	1.02	0.71	69.49	0.32	31.43
2017	2.46	0.38	15.31	0.35	14.26
2018	2.52	0.48	19.05	0.31	12.48
2019	2.68	0.37	13.90	0.59	21.87
2020	2.33	0.35	15.09	0.59	25.26

缺测站干旱流域生态输水遥感监测与农业节水效益分析

Remote sensing monitoring of ecological water conveyance and benefits evaluation of agricultural water-saving in arid basin without observation station

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