哈萨克斯坦水环境与水资源现状及问题分析

Abstract

Abstract: Water is one of the most important natural resource and its availability depends on both natural conditions and human factors. Water resources are imminently limited in the arid regions of Central Asia, continuing rivers and lakes shrunk and degradation of ecosystem have become and intensified the threat of sustainable social and economic development, in recent years. In this paper, we comprehensively evaluated the water resources of total eight river basins of Kazakhstan(one of the countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt)with three indicators including runoff proportion, anthropogenic impact and water resources demand degree, by analyzing the present situation of water quality and water resources first. The variable optimization modeling based method was used to evaluate the impacts of human activities on water resources in different basins, then the eight river basins were divided into slightly, moderately and significantly affected levels by human activities, accordingly. The results indicating that human activities have a significant impact on the water resources and water environment of the Aral-Syrdarya and Esil River basins, and pollution of the Aral-Syrdarya Basin is more severe; The ZhaiykCaspian River basin has the highest surface runoff, however, it stays at risk level due to the very high degree of water demand from the exploration of oil and gas resources within basin. The Balkash-Alakol Basin is characterized by a critical degree of water demand, and it belongs to the third category of water demand. Ertis River basin has the richest water reserves, but serious water pollution caused by mineral development in the middle reaches of the basin. Addition analysis of changes on surface runoffs in Kazakhstan in recent decades shows that the annual total runoff decreased by 39.4 km³ since 1965, of which the transboundary runoff and the local runoff reduced by 23 km³ and 16.5 km³, respectively. In recent years, the average annual water consumption has decreased due to the consequently decreased irrigated area and industrial activity. However, population growth has led to an increase of 2.58 km³ in water consumption for communal services and other needs. The contradiction between water supply and demand for regional water resources still continuingly prominent. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the interests of all countries, harmonious and sustainable development in the socioeconomicand ecological environment of the whole regions, and jointly-agreed measures for the development and protection of water resources. At the last, several exploration and management proposals were proposed by aiming at the current status and existing problems of water resources and water environment of Kazakhstan, and the feature demand of global warming adapting, sustainable social and economic development and ecology environment protection. The proposed proposals are implementation of transnational water resource management strategy, water environment restoration project, intensity scientific propaganda and education, increase public environmental awareness, build water-efficient society and national economic development system, enhance dynamic water resource monitoring and investigation of spatial distribution pattern of lake-river basin water environment factors etc.

Key words: water resource, water environment, human activity, Variable fuzzy optimization model

CLC Number:

TV213

JILILI Reyisha, ISSANOVA Gulnura, ABUDUWAILI Jilili. Water environment and water resource use issues of Kazakhstan[J].干旱区地理, 2018, 41(3): 518-527.

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Water environment and water resource use issues of Kazakhstan

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