陕西省丹霞地貌景观特征、空间分布与形成机理初探

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.372

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

陕西省共有丹霞地貌54处，分布在鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起和伊陕斜坡。正、负丹霞地貌兼具，沿西南—东北方向呈现明显的区域分异规律；风成沙漠相砂岩丹霞分布面积最广，以狭缝型沟谷丹霞、波浪型丹霞、彩色丘陵为特色，多数处于发育青年期。运用最邻近点指数法、核密度分析法研究得出，陕西省丹霞地貌分布的空间结构类型为凝聚型，出现2个高密度区（延安甘泉—志丹—安塞—富县丹霞片区和榆林靖边丹霞片区）、1个中密度区（照金—旬邑—彬县丹霞片区）和2个低密度区（宝鸡九龙山片区、神木公格沟—府谷莲花辿片区）。从形成机理看，鄂尔多斯盆地中生代沉积奠定了丹霞地貌的物质基础，燕山晚期以来的地势格局控制着正、负地貌的分布，节理和裂隙特征对丹霞地貌景观格局起关键性作用，水蚀、风蚀等为主导营力塑造出丹霞地貌景观形态。

关键词: 丹霞地貌, 景观特征, 空间分布, 形成机理, 陕西省

Abstract:

There are more than 54 spots of Danxia landforms in Shaanxi Province, northwest China, which are distributed in the Weibei Uplift and Yishan Slope of the Ordos Basin. In terms of landscape, both positive and negative Danxia landforms have considerable regional differentiation from southwest to northeast of the province. The sandstones of aeolian desert facies with mainly near horizontal or gently inclined Danxia occurrences are the most widely distributed. They are characterized by gully Danxia, wave Danxia, and colored hills, and most of them are in their early stage. The spatial structure type of Danxia landform distribution in Shaanxi Province is condensed, with two high-density areas (Ganquan-Zhidan-Ansai-Fuxian Danxia area and Yulin Jingbian Danxia area), one medium-density area (Zhaojin-Xunyi-Binxian Danxia area), and two low-density areas (Baoji Jiulongshan area and Fugu Lianhuachan area) according to the nearest neighbor index and nuclear density analysis methods. From the viewpoint of the formation mechanism, Mesozoic sedimentation in the Ordos Basin laid the material foundation for the Danxia landform, regional tectonic evolution controls the distribution of positive and negative landforms, and characteristics of joints and fissures are critical in the landscape pattern of the Danxia landform, and water and wind erosions are the leading forces shaping the landscape form of the Danxia landform.

Key words: Danxia landform, landscape features, spatial distribution, formation mechanism, Shaanxi Province

丁华,廖文强,段丰浩,杨望暾. 陕西省丹霞地貌景观特征、空间分布与形成机理初探[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(4): 527-538.

DING Hua,LIAO Wenqiang,DUAN Fenghao,YANG Wangtun. Characteristics, spatial distribution and formation mechanism of Danxia landform in Shaanxi Province[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(4): 527-538.

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构造区位	构造单元	典型代表	单体形态	典型景观	主控因素	发育阶段
鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘	渭北隆起	宝鸡市陈仓区九龙山	正地貌	以方山、峰丛等为主	流水侵蚀、重力崩塌等	壮年期
鄂尔多斯盆地南部	渭北隆起	铜川市耀州区照金—香山	正地貌	以方山、峰丛等为主	流水侵蚀、重力崩塌和风蚀作用	青年期
鄂尔多斯盆地中部（中下部）	伊陕斜坡	延安市甘泉县桦树沟等峡谷群	负地貌	以沟谷型丹霞为主，以狭缝型为特色	流水侵蚀、重力崩塌、冻融等	青年期
		延安市志丹县九吾山	负地貌	以沟谷型丹霞为主，以狭缝型为特色	流水侵蚀、重力崩塌等	青年期
		延安市安塞县王家湾、阎山湾等	负地貌	以沟谷型丹霞为主	流水侵蚀、重力崩塌等	青年期
鄂尔多斯盆地中部（中上部）	伊陕斜坡	榆林市靖边县龙洲乡大台波浪式丹霞	正-负地貌过渡	波浪型造型地貌	流水侵蚀、风蚀作用等	青年期
鄂尔多斯盆地东北部	伊陕斜坡	榆林市府谷县莲花辿	正地貌	丹霞彩色丘陵地貌	风蚀作用、流水侵蚀等	消亡期

年代	群（代号）	组（代号）	厚度/m	沉积相	岩性
下白垩统	志丹群	洛河组（K₁l）	250~350	河流相、风成相	紫红色中-细粒长石石英砂岩
		宜君组（K₁y）	5~302	冲洪相	杂色砾岩、砂砾夹砂岩透镜体及泥岩
	六盘山群	三桥组（K₁s）	10~850	冲洪相	浅棕黄色-灰紫色块状砾岩
下三叠统	石千峰群	刘家沟组（T₁l）	90~400	河流相	数十个交错层极发育的灰白、紫红及紫灰色砂岩组成