“三生”空间视角下西北地区生态环境质量分异机制的地理探测

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.242

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于土地“三生”功能视角，采用生态环境质量指数测度2000—2020年西北地区土地利用转型的生态环境效应，并且综合运用热点分析工具、地理探测器等方法探讨生态环境质量的演变特征与分异机制。结果表明：（1）西北地区“三生”空间地域分异显著；“三生”空间结构演化呈生产、生活空间增加，生态空间缩减的变化趋势。（2）生态环境质量指数从2000年的0.22720升至2010年的0.22724后降至2020年的0.22699，生态环境质量整体保持相对稳定。（3）生态环境质量空间上呈“东南较高、西北次之，中部较低”的格局特征，生态环境质量格局演化的冷、热点区主要聚集于东南和西北部，与区域内人口、产业的空间分布具有趋同性。（4）生态用地结构、归一化植被指数和人类活动是生态环境质量空间分异的主导因素，自然因子内部以及自然因子与社会经济因子的交互协同作用共同影响了区域生态环境质量的空间分异效果。

关键词: 土地利用转型, 生态环境质量, 空间分异, 西北地区

Abstract:

This study attempts to measure the eco-environmental effects of land use transformation in northwest China from 2000 to 2020 based on the perspective of land “production-living-ecological” function. For this, the study employs the eco-environmental quality index and ecological contribution rate model, and comprehensively uses hot-spots analysis tool, Geo-detectors tool, and other methods to discuss the evolution characteristics and differentiation mechanism of eco-environmental quality. The findings of this study show: (1) The “production-living-ecological” space in northwest China shows significant spatial differentiation, indicating an increasing trend of production and living space and a decreasing trend of ecological space. (2) The eco-environmental quality index increased from 0.22720 in 2000 to 0.22724 in 2010 and then decreased to 0.22699 in 2020, although the overall eco-environmental quality remained relatively stable. The change in eco-environmental quality exhibited both improvement and deterioration. The improvement of eco-environmental quality mainly depends on the protection of regional ecological space, while the deterioration of eco-environmental quality is that agricultural production land occupies ecological land in pastoral areas. (3) The eco-environmental quality is spatially characterized by “high in the southeast, second in the northwest, low in the middle”. The cold-spots and hot-spots in the evolution of the eco-environmental quality pattern are mainly concentrated in the southeast and northwest regions and have the same spatial distribution as the population and industry in the area. (4) The proportions of ecological land use, normalized vegetation index, and human active index were the leading factor of spatial differentiation of eco-environmental quality; the interactions between the influencing factors mainly include nonlinear enhancement and bi-factor enhancement. The internal interaction of natural factors and the interaction between natural factors and socio-economic factors affected the spatial differentiation characteristics of eco-environmental quality in northwest China. The results of this study may provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of the national land spatial pattern and ecological environment protection in northwest China.

Key words: land use function transformation, eco-environmental quality, spatial differentiation, northwest China

董建红, 张志斌, 刘奔腾, 张新红. “三生”空间视角下西北地区生态环境质量分异机制的地理探测[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(4): 515-526.

DONG Jianhong, ZHANG Zhibin, LIU Benteng, ZHANG Xinhong. Geographical exploration of the spatial differentiation mechanism of eco-environmental quality in northwest China from the perspective of “production-living-ecological” space[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(4): 515-526.

图/表 12

图1

表1

表2

地理探测指标体系"

一级指标	指标	变量	分辨率	年份	数据来源及处理
自然条件	高程/m	X₁	30 m×30 m	-	中国科学院地理空间数据云平台（http://www.gscloud.cn）
	坡度/(°)	X₂	30 m×30 m	-	中国科学院地理空间数据云平台（http://www.gscloud.cn）
	≥10 ℃积温/℃	X₃	1 km×1 km	2010—2020	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn）
	年均降水量/mm	X₄	1 km×1 km	2010—2020	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn）
	湿润指数	X₅	1 km×1 km	2010—2020	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn）
	NDVI	X₆	1 km×1 km	2018	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn）
	NPP/gC·m^-2	X₇	1 km×1 km	2010	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn）
	土壤侵蚀/t·km^-2·a^-1	X₈	1 km×1 km	2010	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn）
	生态用地占比/%	X₉	1 km×1 km	2020	生态用地占比通过提取生态用地面积获得
社会经济	人口密度/人·km^-2	X₁₀	1 km×1 km	2019	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn）
	地均GDP/10⁴元	X₁₁	1 km×1 km	2019	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn）
	夜间灯光强度/nW·cm^-2·sr^-1	X₁₂	1 km×1 km	2020	国家地球系统科学数据中心（www.geodata.cn）
	距市中心距离/km	X₁₃	1 km×1 km	-	基于百度地图获取各县区中心点坐标，通过ArcGIS欧氏距离工具计算获得
	道路密度/km·km^-2	X₁₄	1 km×1 km	2017	国家基础地理信息中心1:1000000基础地理数据库（http://ngcc.sbsm.gov.cn）
	HAI	X₁₅	1 km×1 km	-	人为影响综合指数参考黄木易等^[29]的研究方法
生态政策	林地增加面积/km²	X₁₆	1 km×1 km	2000—2020	基于2000年和2020年两期土地利用数据，通过ArcGIS的空间叠置工具获得土地利用转移量
	草地增加面积/km²	X₁₇	1 km×1 km	2000—2020	基于2000年和2020年两期土地利用数据，通过ArcGIS的空间叠置工具获得土地利用转移量
	荒漠增加面积/km²	X₁₈	1 km×1 km	2000—2020	基于2000年和2020年两期土地利用数据，通过ArcGIS的空间叠置工具获得土地利用转移量

表2

图2

图3

表3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

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一级分类	二级分类	土地利用分类系统的二级地类	EQI
生活用地	城镇生活用地	城镇用地	0.200
生活用地	农村生活用地	农村居民点	0.200
生产用地	农业生产用地	水田、旱地	0.253
生产用地	工矿生产用地	其他建设用地	0.150
生态用地	牧草生态用地	高、中、低覆盖度草地	0.381
	林地生态用地	灌木林地、有林地、疏林地、其他林地	0.713
	水域生态用地	永久性冰川积雪、湖泊、水库坑塘、河渠	0.772
	其他生态用地	戈壁、沙地、沼泽地、盐碱地、裸岩石砾地、高寒荒漠、裸土地、滩地	0.022

年份	生活用地		生产用地		生态用地
年份	城镇生活用地	农村生活用地	农业生产用地	工矿生产用地	牧草生态用地	林地生态用地	水域生态用地	其他生态用地
2000	1983.28	8959.37	222178.00	1106.69	1125831.79	155975.42	86115.79	1467749.67
2010	2662.36	9986.64	232118.83	1769.47	1112047.60	157607.45	87814.00	1465893.66
2020	5039.90	10587.50	246116.07	6134.80	1104010.72	155781.68	86555.63	1455674.49
2000—2010	679.08	1027.27	9940.82	662.79	-13784.19	1632.03	1698.21	-1856.01
2010—2020	2377.54	600.86	13997.24	4365.33	-8036.88	-1825.77	-1258.37	-10219.17