塔里木河下游生态输水对地下水补给量研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.03.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地下水对干旱区荒漠生态系统的维持至关重要,生态输水对地下水的补给量及影响范围是评估输水成效的要素之一,对于准确理解地下水循环特征至关重要。基于2000—2020年塔里木河下游生态输水过程中的地下水监测数据,拟合输水前后地下水水面线方程,结合水均衡原理,对塔里木河下游近20 a生态输水过程中的地下水埋深时空变化、地下水补给量以及输水期地下水最大影响范围进行了估算与分析。结果表明：（1）塔里木河下游实施生态输水后,地下水位呈明显抬升趋势,抬升幅度具时空差异性,在英苏、喀尔达依和阿拉干断面分别抬升了3.01 m、2.87 m、5.75 m;前10 a输水对地下水位抬升作用明显小于后10 a;（2）塔里木河下游近20 a的输水对地下水的总补给量为30.6×10⁸ m³（占输水总量的36.2%）,包气带补给40.1×10⁸ m³（47.5%）,入台特玛湖水量为11.7×10⁸ m³（13.8%）;（3）塔里木河下游前10 a的输水对地下水补给量（61.6%）大于后10 a（25.2%）,主要归因于输水量增大,地下水埋深减小引起土壤含水量饱和差减小;（4）塔里木河下游输水期地下水的最大影响范围具有较大的波动,与输水前地下水埋深和输水量正相关;近10 a,英苏、喀尔达依、阿拉干、依干不及麻断面,输水期地下水单侧影响范围高达1075 m、2326 m、1623 m、856 m。

关键词: 地下水位, 地下水补给量, 生态输水, 塔里木河下游

Abstract:

Groundwater is very important for the maintenance of desert ecosystems in arid areas. A water conveyance project was initiated in 2000 to curb the severe ecological deterioration of the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang, China, which has extensively affected groundwater recharge and discharge processes in the region. Groundwater recharge by water diversion and its influence range are key factors to consider when evaluating the ecological effects of water conveyance. Knowledge of the effects of these factors is crucial to obtain a deeper understanding of the characteristics of the groundwater cycle. The characteristics of groundwater recharge during water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River are incompletely understood. This paper used groundwater monitoring data to examine the spatiotemporal variations of groundwater depth following ecological water conveyance to the lower reaches of Tarim River from 2000 to 2020. The groundwater recharge resulting from water conveyance and the maximum influence range of the latter for the former were evaluated by fitting the data to a groundwater table line equation before and after water conveyance, and the water balance for conveyance in the last 20 years was calculated. Results showed that (1) the groundwater level clearly increases in a spatiotemporal-dependent manner following ecological water conveyance to the study area. The groundwater level at the Yingsu, Kaerday, and Alagan sections of the river increased by 3.01 m, 2.87 m, and 5.75 m, respectively, from 2000 to 2020. The effect of water conveyance on groundwater level variations over the first 10 years was significantly less than that over the last 10 years because of differences in water transfer quantity and soil moisture content. (2) The groundwater recharge volume in the lower reaches of Tarim River over the last 21 years due to water conveyance was 30.6×10⁸ m³ (36.2% of the total water conveyance), and the amounts of recharge into the aeration zone and Taitema Lake were 40.1×10⁸ m³ (47.5%) and 11.7×10⁸ m³ (13.8%), respectively. (3) The groundwater recharge volume from water conveyance in the first 10 years (61.6% of the total water conveyance) was greater than that in the last 10 years (25.2% of the total water conveyance), because increased water conveyance decreased the difference in soil moisture saturation between time periods. (4) The maximum influence range of groundwater during water conveyance showed remarkable fluctuations and was positively correlated with the water conveyance amount and groundwater depth pre-conveyance. In the last 10 years covered by this study, the maximum groundwater influence ranges on one side of the river channel during water conveyance to the Yingsu, Kaerdayi, Alagan, and Yiganbujima sections of the river were 1075 m, 2326 m, 1623 m, and 856 m, respectively. The results could contribute to the development of more effective water diversion projects in the future.

Key words: groundwater level, groundwater recharge, ecological water conveyance, the lower reaches of the Tarim River

王万瑞,艾克热木·阿布拉,陈亚宁,朱成刚,陈亚鹏. 塔里木河下游生态输水对地下水补给量研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(3): 670-680.

WANG Wanrui,Aikeremu Abula,CHEN Yaning,ZHU Chenggang,CHEN Yapeng. Groundwater recharge during ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(3): 670-680.

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监测断面	1973年	1989年	1997年	2000年	2005年	2010年	2015年	2020年
英苏	5.44	8.00	9.40	7.27	5.05	6.79	7.84	4.26
喀尔达依	5.86	10.00	11.13	8.46	6.58	7.28	6.11	5.59
阿拉干	7.00	10.40	12.65	10.47	5.98	8.47	7.41	4.72
依干不及麻	6.20	12.75	12.92	-	5.62	7.07	-	4.11