塔里木河下游生态输水对地表水体面积变化的影响

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.03.10

干旱区地理 ›› 2021, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 681-690.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.03.10

• 塔里木河流域生态与环境 • 上一篇下一篇

塔里木河下游生态输水对地表水体面积变化的影响

邹珊^1,^2,^3,⁴(),吉力力∙阿不都外力^1,^2,³,黄文静^1,²,段伟利^1,²()

1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
3.中国科学院中亚生态与环境研究中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
4.根特大学地理系,比利时根特 9000

收稿日期:2021-01-10 修回日期:2021-02-24 出版日期:2021-05-25 发布日期:2021-06-01
通讯作者: 段伟利
作者简介:邹珊（1987-）,女,博士研究生,主要从事干旱区水资源研究. E-mail: zoushan17@mails.ucas.ac.cn
基金资助:
科技部科技基础资源调查专项(2019FY100203);新疆自治区天山雪松计划(2019XS10)

Effects of ecological water conveyance on changes of surface water area in the lower reaches of Tarim River

ZOU Shan^1,^2,^3,⁴(),Jilili Abuduwaili^1,^2,³,HUANG Wenjing^1,²,DUAN Weili^1,²()

1. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
4. Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium

Received:2021-01-10 Revised:2021-02-24 Online:2021-05-25 Published:2021-06-01
Contact: Weili DUAN

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以河湖为主体的塔里木河下游地表水体的面积受到输水工程的影响,在区域水循环、调节水平衡中扮演着重要角色。基于近20 a塔里木河下游Landsat 5、Landsat 7和Landsat 8影像资料和生态输水数据,综合采用Google Earth Engine（GEE）计算平台和多元统计分析方法,对地表水体面积变化及其对生态输水的响应进行了系统分析。结果表明：（1） 2000—2019年,塔里木河下游区域的地表水体、季节性水体和永久性水体的面积均呈现波动上升趋势,速率分别为15.54 km²·a^-1、7.12 km²·a^-1和8.41 km²·a^-1;塔里木河下游上段（大西海子水库—英苏,不包括大西海子水库）、中段（英苏—阿拉干）和下段（阿拉干—台特玛湖）区域的季节性水体和永久水体面积也均呈现波动增加趋势,其中下段区域的增加速率最大,其值分别为5.23 km²·a^-1和8.24 km²·a^-1。（2）生态输水引起的地表水体面积增加主要表现在台特玛湖湖区,2019年台特玛湖湖区的地表永久水体和季节性水体面积分别约为267.27 km²和188.00 km²,总体水面积约为455.27 km²,相比2000年（约38.19 km²）增加了417.08 km²（约10.92倍）。（3）近20 a来,研究区域地表水体面积,尤其是永久水体面积变化与塔里木河下游生态输水量密切相关;2007—2009年输水量下泄水量较少,直接导致研究区域在2009年地表水体和季节性水体的面积均减少到最低点。研究结果有助于全面理解塔里木河下游生态输水对地表水体变化的影响,为区域水生态保护提供科学依据。

关键词: 塔里木河, 地表水体, 生态输水, 时空变化, 影响分析, 谷歌地球引擎

Abstract:

Water is a key restricting factor of socioeconomic development and eco-environmental protection in the arid inland river basins of northwest China. Because of ecological problems caused by climate change and the overexploitation of water resources in the Tarim River Basin (e.g., river breakup, drying-up of lakes, and degradation of vegetation cover), a national ecological water conveyance project has been officially implemented in the lower reaches of Tarim River since 2000. So far, the region’s ecological environment has improved steadily, and studies have evaluated the impacts (e.g., changes in groundwater level and vegetation cover) of the ecological water conveyance project. However, there are relatively few systematic studies on the changes in the area of surface water in the lower reaches of Tarim River in the past 20 years. On the basis of the Landsat 5, 7, and 8 images and the annual water conveyance quantity, this paper used the Google Earth Engine, the surface water extraction method, and the multiple statistic methods (e.g., the Mann-Kendall trend test and the Pearson correlation coefficient) to quantitatively analyze the spatiotemporal changes of the surface water and evaluated the impacts of the ecological water conveyance project on the surface water area. The main results are as follows. Firstly, from 2000 to 2019, a fluctuating upward trend was detected in the overall surface water area, seasonal water area, and permanent water area, with increase rates at 15.54 km²·a^-1, 7.12 km²·a^-1, and 8.41 km²·a^-1, respectively. A fluctuating upward trend has also been detected for all three subregions: the upstream region from Daxihaizi Reservoir to Yingsu station, the upstream region from Yingsu station to Alagan station, and the downstream region from Alagan station to Lake Taitema. Of these, the downstream region had the largest increase rate for both the seasonal water and permanent water areas, with values at 5.23 km²·a^-1 and 8.24 km²·a^-1, respectively. In addition, the increase in surface water area in Lake Taitema was the main factor for the expansion of surface water area in the lower reaches of Tarim River. In 2019, the permanent surface water area, the seasonal water area, and the total surface water area of Lake Taitema were about 267.27 km², 188.00 km², and 455.27 km², respectively; the total surface water area of Lake Taitema in 2019 was evaluated to have been increased by 417.08 km² (about 10.92 times) over that in 2000 (about 38.19 km²). Finally, in the past 20 years, there is a strong positive correlation between the surface water area (especially the permanent water area) and the water quantity of the ecological water conveyance project. The water quantity of the ecological water conveyance project was extremely low during 2007—2009, which directly caused the lowest values of the total surface water area and the seasonal surface water area. Results obtained from this study can contribute to the comprehensive understanding of the impact of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River and provide a scientific basis for developing regional water ecological protection.

Key words: Tarim River, surface water body, ecological water conveyance, temporal and spatial changes, impact analysis, Google Earth Engine

邹珊,吉力力∙阿不都外力,黄文静,段伟利. 塔里木河下游生态输水对地表水体面积变化的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(3): 681-690.

ZOU Shan,Jilili Abuduwaili,HUANG Wenjing,DUAN Weili. Effects of ecological water conveyance on changes of surface water area in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(3): 681-690.

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次数	时间	大西海子水库下泄水量/10⁴ m³
次数	时间	孔雀河	塔里木河	合计
1	2000年5—7月	9923	0	9923
2	2000年11—12月	22655	0	22655
3	2001年4—11月	34733	3490	38223
4	2002年7—11月	24500	8629	33129
5	2003年3—11月	24000	38509	62509
6	2004年4—6月	7350	2857	10207
7	2005年4—11月	5246	23026	28272
8	2006年9—11月	2700	16944	19644
9	2007年10月	1410	0	1410
10	2009年12月	1066	0	1066
11	2010年6—11月	0	36393	36393
12	2011年1—11月	0	85211	85211
13	2012年4—11月	0	66716	66716
14	2013年4—11月	0	48769	48769
15	2014年6月	0	727	727
16	2015年8—11月	0	46128	46128
17	2016年8—10月	0	67611	67611
18	2017年4—12月	0	121461	121461
19	2018年2—11月	0	70006	70006
20	2019年8—12月	5002	41351	46353

区域	类型	最大面积/km²（年份）	最小面积/km²（年份）	平均面积/km²	变化速率/km²·a^-1	Z值
整个区域	季节性水体	475.30（2002）	43.38（2009）	249.05	7.12	1.65
	永久水体	216.44（2017）	0.06（2000）	63.17	8.41	3.08^**
	地表水体	523.93（2018）	45.89（2009）	312.21	15.54	2.37^*
上段区域	季节性水体	17.18（2018）	1.47（2008）	11.21	0.31	2.43^*
	永久水体	1.08（2017）	0.03（2009）	0.23	0.01	0.10
	地表水体	17.65（2018）	1.54（2008）	11.44	0.31	2.24^*
中段区域	季节性水体	37.77（2017）	0.20（2008）	19.10	1.58	3.28^**
	永久水体	5.44（2018）	0（2000,2002,2009,2010）	0.82	0.16	2.90^**
	地表水体	42.50（2018）	0.21（2008）	19.92	1.75	3.34^**
下段区域	季节性水体	443.15（2002）	29.62（2001）	218.74	5.23	1.59
	永久水体	212.14（2017）	0（2000,2001）	62.12	8.24	3.05^**
	地表水体	463.79（2018）	29.62（2001）	280.86	13.48	2.37^*

塔里木河下游生态输水对地表水体面积变化的影响

Effects of ecological water conveyance on changes of surface water area in the lower reaches of Tarim River

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