近20 a塔里木河下游输水对生态环境的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 塔里木河下游是新疆生态环境问题比较突出的地区。为改善该地区恶化的生态环境，国家自2000年起向塔里木河下游实施了18次以生态建设和环境保护为目的的生态输水工程。近20 a来，塔里木河下游地下水位随输水次数增加呈不断上升趋势，生态植被不断修复，生态环境逐步好转。尤其是2017年实施第18次生态输水后，下输水量及其影响范围取得较大突破，引起社会高度关注。通过近20 a的断面来水监测资料，从水量、水质、地下水变化、植被恢复等方面，初步分析输水对生态环境的影响。同时，对前人研究的成果进行梳理和延展，使其对今后塔里木河下游的生态调度和科学管理起到指导作用。经分析得出以下结论：（1）虽然生态输水量基本都补给了生态植被和河道两侧的地下水，但持续性输水才是保证下游脆弱的生态环境稳定好转的根本途径。（2）输水使下游生态环境得到改善，现生态植被正在恢复，地下水位逐步抬升，地下水质明显好转。（3）采用汛期输水和间歇机动式调度，可使输水效益达到最大化。

关键词: 塔里木河下游, 生态输水, 生态环境, 耗水, 地下水变化

Abstract: The ecological environment problems in the lower reaches of Tarim River in Xinjiang are very severe.To improve the local ecology and environment of the region,18 times of ecological water transports have been arranged in line with the principle of ecological construction and environment protection in the lower reaches of Tarim River since 2000.In recent twenty years,the ecology and environment has been progressively improved because the groundwater level has kept rising with the times of water transports and ecological vegetation restoration has kept going well.In particular,a real breakthrough was created in the lower reaches after water transport and its coverage after the 18th ecological water transports in 2017,which has got heightened attention from various circles of society.The paper analyzed the influence of water transport on the ecological environment in terms of water quantity,water quality,the change of underground water level and the vegetation restoration in accordance with the data of the river sections in the recent 20 years.Besides,a review of the previous researches was done,which will give a reference for the ecological operation and scientific management of the lower reaches of Tarim River.The results show as follows:(1) Through the transported water mainly feed the vegetation and groundwater along the two sides of the river course,the continual water transports are the firm guarantee for the steadily improvement of fragile ecology and environment of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. (2) Water transport has result in the ecology and environment betterment,vegetation restoration,groundwater table uplifting and groundwater quality improving. (3) Water transport at flood season or spasmodic and flexible arrangement for water transport could get the maximum benefit.

Key words: the lower reaches of Tarim River, ecological water transport, ecological environment, water consumption, the change of groundwater

中图分类号:

TV213.4

李丽君, 张小清, 陈长清, 申梦阳. 近20 a塔里木河下游输水对生态环境的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(2): 238-247.

LI Li-jun, ZHANG Xiao-qing, CHEN Chang-qing, SHEN Meng-yang. Ecological effects of water conveyance on the lower reaches of Tarim River in recent twenty years[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(2): 238-247.

参考文献

[1] HUANG T,PANG Z.Changes in groundwater induced by water diversion in the Lower Tarim River,Xinjiang Uygur,NW China:Evidence from environmental isotopes and water chemistry[C]//Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2011:188-201.
[2] HUANG T M,PANG Z H.Changes in groundwater induced by water diversion in the Lower Tarim River,Xinjiang Uygur,NW China:Evidence from environmental isotopes and water chemistry[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,387(3):188-201.
[3] 邓铭江,周海鹰,徐海量,等.塔里木河下游生态输水与生态调度研究[J].中国科学(技术科学),2016, 46(8):864-876.[DENG Mingjiang,ZHOU Haiying,XU Hailiang,et al.Research on the ecological operation in the lower reaches of Tarim River based on water conveyance[J].Scientia Sinica Technologica,2016,46(8):864-876.]
[4] 杨鹏年,邓铭江,李霞,等.塔里木河下游间歇输水下地下水响应宽度——以塔里木河下游英苏断面为例[J].干旱区研究,2008,25(3):331-335.[YANG Pengnian,DENG Mingjiang,LI Xia,et al.Respond width of groundwater level after conveying stream water to the lower reaches of the Tarim River,Xinjiang:A case study along the Yengsu section in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Arid Zone Rearch,2008,25(3):331-335.]
[5] 张丽华,陈亚宁,李卫红.塔里木河下游生态输水对植物群落数量特征的影响[J].干旱区研究,2006, 23(1):32-38.[ZHANG Lihua,CHEN Yaning,LI Weihong.Analysis on the effect of implementing the project of transfusing stream water for regenerating the ecology in the lower reaches of the Tarim River[J].Arid Zone Research,2006,23(1):32-38.]
[6] 杨戈,郭永平.塔里木河下游末端实施生态输水后植被变化与展望[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(2):167-172.[YANG Ge,GUO Yongping.The change and prospect of vegetation in the end of the lower reaches of Tarim River after ecological water delivering[J].Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(2):167-172.]
[7] 袁素芬,陈亚宁,李卫红,等.新疆塔里木河下游灌丛地上生物量及其空间分布[J].生态学报,2006, 26(6):1818-1824.[YUAN Sufen,CHEN Yaning,LI Weihong,et al.Analysis of the aboveground biomass and spatial distribution of shrubs in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Xinjiang,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(6):1818-1824.]
[8] CHEN Y N,ZHANG X L,ZHANG Y M,et al.Analysis on the ecological benefits of the stream water conveyance to the dried-up river of the lower reaches of the Tarim River[J].Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,2004,47:1053-1064.
[9] XU H L,YE M,SONG Y D,et al.The natural vegetation responses to the groundwater change resulting from ecological water conveyances to the lower Tarim River[J].Environ Monit Assess,2007,131:37-48.
[10] 付爱红,陈亚宁,李卫红. 塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价[J].生态学报, 2009,29(5):2418-2426.[FU Aihong,CHEN Yaning,LI Weihong.Assessment on ecosystem health in the Tarim River Basin[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(5):2418-2426.
[11] MA X,CHEN Y,ZHU C,et al.The variation in soil moisture and the appropriate groundwater table for desert riparian forest along the lower Tarim River[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2011,21(1):150-162.
[12] 李丽君.应急输水对塔里木河下游生态环境影响探讨[J].吉林水利,2010,(5):48-51.[LI Lijun.Discussion on the impact of emergency water transferring on the ecological environment downstream Tarim River[J].The Hydrology in Jilin,2010,(5):48-51.]
[13] 杨鹏年,董新光,吾买尔江.塔里木河下游第五次应急输水后地下水恢复量的计算[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(1):1-6.[YANG Pengnian,DONG Xinguang,OMERIJAN.Calculation of groundwater recharge volume after the fifth emergency water transfer to the lower reaches of the Tarim River,Xinjiang[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2005,20(1):1-6.]
[14] 艾尔肯·艾白不拉,杨鹏年,吴文强,等.塔里木河下游生态输水量转化分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2013,24(5):54-58.[ABIBULLA Arkin,YANG Pengnian,WU Wenqiang,et al.Analysis of transformation of ecological water quantity in lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering,2013,24(5):54-58.]
[15] 徐海量,李吉玫,王增如,等.塔里木河下游土壤种子库的空间分布特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2007, 21(6):183-186.[XU Hailiang,LI Jimei,WANG Zengru,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics of soil seed bank in lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(6):183-186.]
[16] 叶茂,徐海量,任铭.塔里木河下游生态输水的合理时间初探[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(5):907-912.[YE Mao,XU Hailiang,REN Ming.Primary study on the rational time of ecological water conveyance to lower reaches of the Tarim River[J].Arid Zone Research,2012,29(5):907-912.
[17] 杨鹏年,张胜江,董新光.塔里木河干流下游生态输水后水量转化特征[J].干旱区研究,2007,24(2):174-178.[YANG Pengnian,ZHANG Shengjiang,DONG Xinguang.Study on the characteristics of water conversion after conveying stream water to the lower reaches of the Tarim River for regenerating the ecology[J].Arid Zone Research,2007,24(2):174-178.]