城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务供需关系及空间优化--以西安市为例

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.05.30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

维持城市生态系统服务供需平衡是建设宜居城市、提高城市居民福祉的基础,同时对区域经济与可持续发展具有重要意义。以西安市建成区为例,基于2018年遥感数据、统计数据和实地调研等多源数据,构建粮食需求、水资源需求、固碳释氧、空气净化、高温调节、减弱噪声和休闲娱乐服务需求测算模型,并应用ArcGIS等分析工具,对研究区城市绿色基础设施（Urban green infrastructure,UGI）服务供需空间匹配关系进行评估和分析,最后运用最小累积阻力模型识别生态源地和生态廊道,对西安市UGI空间格局进行优化。结果表明：（1）西安市建成区UGI分布不均匀,破碎化程度高,连通性较差。UGI提供的生态系统服务总价值小于居民对服务需求总价值,在空间上表现为显著不匹配性。（2）不同生态系统服务供需匹配状况存在差异,高温调节服务、空气净化服务和休闲娱乐服务供大于求,匹配状况较好;粮食供给、固碳释氧、水源涵养和减弱噪声服务供小于求,供需赤字。（3）研究区生态系统服务供需具有显著空间异质性,随着人口集聚程度的提高,大部分生态系统服务（如高温调节、减弱噪声等）供需的空间匹配程度显著下降,在空间上表现为由城市中心的严重失调向边缘的良好匹配渐变。（4）研究区生态源地斑块面积较小,破碎化程度高,连接度低,UGI网络缺乏主干生态廊道。通过构建由沿渭河、秦岭北麓2个生态走廊,沣河、潏河、灞河等7个生态保育区及沿道路绿化带等组成的UGI网络,可使生态系统服务供需空间关系更趋协调。

关键词: 生态系统服务, 绿色基础设施, 供需关系, 空间格局优化, 西安市

Abstract:

Urban green infrastructure (UGI) is a critical component of the urban natural ecosystem, which provides various ecosystem services for residents. It is of great significance to explore the spatial dependence of ecosystem service supply-demand relationships not only to reveal the relationship between ecology and economy but also for building a livable environment. However, better quantitative evaluation and spatial mapping of the demand of ecosystem services, and in particular analysis of the relationship between demand and supply of ecosystem services, are still missing. Taking the built-up area of Xi'an City in Shaanxi Province of China as an example, based on remote sensing, population and environmental monitoring data from 2018, several evaluation models for the demand of ecosystem services, such as high temperature regulation and noise reduction, were developed in this study, and the spatial relationships of supply and demand of different ecosystem services were analyzed on a pixel scale. Furthermore, in this study, we propose an optimized landscape pattern for a UGI in Xi'an by identifying ecological sources and ecological corridors based on the minimum cumulative resistance model. The results show that (1) the UGI in the built-up area of Xi'an is unevenly distributed, exhibiting a high degree of fragmentation and poor connectivity. The total value of residents' demand for ecosystem services can be reached with 224×10⁸ yuan, whereas the total value of UGI ecosystem service supply is just 28×10⁸ yuan, presenting a serious mismatch between supply and demand. (2) The degree of spatial matching between supply and demand of ecosystem services varies from one individual service to another. The supply of high temperature regulation, air purification, and leisure and entertainment services is greater than the residents' demand for these ecosystem services, so the matching situation between supply and demand is good in these cases; while the level of food supply, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, water conservation, and noise reduction services is less than the demand, the provisioning of these services are seriously lacking. (3) The matching of supply and demand of different kinds of ecosystem services has significant spatial heterogeneity. Overall, with the increase in population density, the spatial matching of supply and demand of most ecosystem services (such as high temperature regulation and noise reduction) decreases significantly, which shows a high matching degree in urban fringe areas and a serious imbalance in urban core areas. (4) In the overall study area, the ecological source patch is small, highly fragmented, and poorly connected, and the UGI network lacks a main ecological corridor. We propose constructing UGI networks composed of two ecological corridors (one ecological corridor along Wei River side and another along the north foot of the Qinling Mountains), seven ecological conservation areas (including the Ba River), and plentiful green belts along roads that will coordinate the spatial matching between supply and demand of ecosystem services and optimize the landscape pattern in Xi'an City. This work not only provides an enriched method for ecosystem services demand optimization but also will provide a guide for applying ecosystem service knowledge to ecological management, which will be an aid to the promotion of UGIs and sustainable development of ecosystems in Xi'an.

Key words: ecosystem services, green infrastructure, relation between supply and demand, spatial pattern optimization, Xi'an City

刘维,周忠学,郎睿婷. 城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务供需关系及空间优化--以西安市为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(5): 1500-1513.

LIU Wei,ZHOU Zhongxue,LANG Ruiting. Supply-demand relations of ecosystem services of urban green infrastructure and its spatial optimization: A case of Xi'an City[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(5): 1500-1513.

图/表 11

图1

表1

表2

图2

图3

图4

表3

图5

图6

图7

图8

参考文献 42

[1]	吴伟, 付喜娥. 绿色基础设施概念及其研究进展综述[J]. 国际城市规划, 2009, 24(5):67-71.
	[ Wu Wei, Fu Xi'e. The concept of green infrastructure and review of its research development[J]. Urban Planning International, 2009, 24(5):67-71. ]
[2]	Fábos J G. Greenway planning in the United States: Its origins and recent case studies[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2004, 68(2-3):321-342. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.07.003
[3]	Benedict M, Macmahon E T. Green Infrastructure: Smart conservation for the 21^st century[J]. Renewable Resources Journal, 2002, 20(3):12-17.
[4]	Weber T, Sloan A, Wolf J. Maryland's green infrastructure assessment: Development of a comprehensive approach to land conservation[J]. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2006, 77(1-2):94-110.
[5]	Hanski I, Gilpin M. Metapopulation dynamics: Brief history and conceptual domain[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1991, 42(1):3-16. doi: 10.1111/bij.1991.42.issue-1-2
[6]	Snäll T, Lehtomäki J, Arponrn A, et al. Green infrastructure design based on spatial conservation prioritization and modeling of biodiversity features and ecosystem services[J]. Environmental Management, 2016, 57(2):251-256. doi: 10.1007/s00267-015-0613-y pmid: 26395184
[7]	Terkenli T S, Bell S, Tošković O, et al. Tourist perceptions and uses of urban green infrastructure: An exploratory cross-cultural investigation[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2020, 49:126624, doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126624. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126624
[8]	Chen W Y. The role of urban green infrastructure in offsetting carbon emissions in 35 major Chinese cities: A nationwide estimate[J]. Cities, 2015, 44:112-120. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2015.01.005
[9]	Li L, Collins A M, Cheshmehzangi A, et al. Identifying enablers and barriers to the implementation of the green infrastructure for urban flood management: A comparative analysis of the UK and China[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2020, 54:126770, doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126770. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126770
[10]	Candela de la Sota Sández, Ruffato-Ferreira V, Ruiz-Garcia L, et al. Urban green infrastructure as a strategy of climate change mitigation: A case study in northern Spain[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2019, 40:145-151.
[11]	Nakamura F, Ishiyama N, Yamanaka S, et al. Adaptation to climate change and conservation of biodiversity using green infrastructure[J]. River Research and Applications, 2020, 36(6):921-933. doi: 10.1002/rra.3576
[12]	李文俊, 李峻峰. 基于GIS的中小尺度绿色基础设施识别与优化--以安徽宣城南溪湿地生态旅游区为例[J]. 合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2017, 31(3):128-134.
	[ Li Wenjun, Li Junfeng. Identification and optimization of small and medium-sized green infrastructure based on GIS: A case study of Nanxi wetland ecological tourist area in Xuancheng, Anhui Province[J]. Journal of Hefei University of Technology (Social Science Editon), 2017, 31(3):128-134. ]
[13]	栾博, 王鑫, 金越延, 等. 场地尺度绿色基础设施的协同设计--以咸阳渭柳湿地公园生态修复设计为例[J]. 景观设计学, 2017, 5(5):26-43.
	[ Luan Bo, Wang Xin, Jin Yueyan, et al. Collaborative design of site-scale green infrastructure: A case study on the ecological restoration design of Weiliu Wetland Park in Xianyang[J]. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 2017, 5(5):26-43. ]
[14]	李咏华, 马淇蔚, 范雪怡. 基于绿色基础设施评价的城市生态带划定--以杭州市为例[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(3):583-591. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201703015
	[ Li Yonghua, Ma Qiwei, Fan Xueyi. Delimiting the urban ecological belts based on green infrastructure assessment: A case study of Hangzhou[J]. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(3):583-591. ] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201703015
[15]	Cotinovis C, Geneletti D. A performance-based planning approach integrating supply and demand of urban ecosystem services[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2020, 201:103842, doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103842. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103842
[16]	Lorilla R S, Kalogirou S, Poirazidis K, et al. Identifying spatial mismatches between the supply and demand of ecosystem services to achieve a sustainable management regime in the Ionian Islands (western Greece)[J]. Land Use Policy, 2019, 88:104171, doi: 8810.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104171. doi: 8810.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104171
[17]	Bukvareva E, Zamolodchikov D, Krave G, et al. Supplied, demanded and consumed ecosystem services: Prospects for national assessment in Russia[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2017, 78:351-360. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.03.034
[18]	谢高地, 甄霖, 鲁春霞, 等. 生态系统服务的供给、消费和价值化[J]. 资源科学, 2008, 30(1):93-99.
	[ Xie Gaodi, Zhen Lin, Lu Chunxia, et al. Supply, consumption and valuation of ecosystem services in China[J]. Resources Science, 2008, 30(1):93-99. ]
[19]	严岩, 朱捷缘, 吴钢, 等. 生态系统服务需求、供给和消费研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2017, 37(8):2489-2496.
	[ Yan Yan, Zhu Jieyuan, Wu Gang, et al. Review and prospective applications of demand, supply, and consumption of ecosystem services[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(8):2489-2496. ]
[20]	刘慧敏, 范玉龙, 丁圣彦. 生态系统服务流研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(7):2161-2171.
	[ Liu Huimin, Fan Yulong, Ding Shengyan. Research progress of ecosystem service flow[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(7):2161-2171. ]
[21]	肖玉, 谢高地, 鲁春霞, 等. 基于供需关系的生态系统服务空间流动研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2016, 36(10):3096-3102.
	[ Xiao Yu, Xie Gaodi, Lu Chunxia, et al. Involvement of ecosystem service flows in human wellbeing based on the relationship between supply and demand[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(10):3096-3102. ]
[22]	刘立程, 刘春芳, 王川, 等. 黄土丘陵区生态系统服务供需匹配研究--以兰州市为例[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(9):1921-1937. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201909016
	[ Liu Licheng, Liu Chunfang, Wang Chuan, et al. Supply and demand matching of ecosystem services in loess hilly region: A case study of Lanzhou[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(9):1921-1937. ] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201909016
[23]	王壮壮, 张立伟, 李旭谱, 等. 区域生态系统服务供需风险时空演变特征--以陕西省产水服务为例[J]. 生态学报, 2020, 40(6):1887-1900.
	[ Wang Zhuangzhuang, Zhang Liwei, Li Xupu, et al. Spatio-temporal pattern of supply-demand risk of ecosystem services at regional scale: A case study of water yield service in Shaanxi Province[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020, 40(6):1887-1900. ]
[24]	马琳, 刘浩, 彭建, 等. 生态系统服务供给和需求研究进展[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(7):1277-1289. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201707012
	[ Ma Lin, Liu Hao, Peng Jian, et al. A review of ecosystem services supply and demand[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(7):1277-1289. ] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201707012
[25]	谢余初, 张素欣, 林冰, 等. 基于生态系统服务供需关系的广西县域国土生态修复空间分区[J]. 自然资源学报, 2020, 35(1):217-229.
	[ Xie Yuchu, Zhang Suxin, Lin Bing, et al. Spatial zoning for land ecological consolidation in Guangxi based on the ecosystem services supply and demand[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2020, 35(1):217-229. ]
[26]	胡忠秀, 周忠学. 西安市绿地生态系统服务功能测算及其空间格局研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2013, 36(3):553-561.
	[ Hu Zhongxiu, Zhou Zhongxue. Ecosystem services evaluation and its spatial pattern analysis of urban greenland in Xi'an City[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2013, 36(3):553-561. ]
[27]	韩晔, 周忠学. 西安市绿地景观吸收雾霾生态系统服务测算及空间格局[J]. 地理研究, 2015, 34(7):1247-1258. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201507005
	[ Han Ye, Zhou Zhongxue. Evaluation on ecosystem services in haze absorption by urban green land and its spatial pattern analysis in Xi'an[J]. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(7):1247-1258. ] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201507005
[28]	孙庆祥, 周华荣. 阿尔泰山森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评估[J]. 干旱区地理, 2020, 43(5):1327-1336.
	[ Sun Qingxiang, Zhou Huarong. Service function and value evaluation of the Altai Mountains forest ecosystem[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2020, 43(5):1327-1336. ]
[29]	闫庆武, 卞正富, 张萍, 等. 基于居民点密度的人口密度空间化[J]. 地理与地理信息科学, 2011, 27(5):95-98.
	[ Yan Qingwu, Bian Zhengfu, Zhang Ping, et al. Census spatialization based on settlements density[J]. Geography and GEO-Information Science, 2011, 27(5):95-98. ]
[30]	韩秀珍, 李三妹, 窦芳丽. 气象卫星遥感地表温度推算近地表气温方法研究[J]. 气象学报, 2012, 70(5):1107-1118.
	[ Han Xiuzhen, Li Sanmei, Dou Fangli. Study of obtaining high resolution near-surface atmosphere temperature by using the land surface temperature from meteorological satellite data[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2012, 70(5):1107-1118. ]
[31]	李梦桃, 周忠学. 西安市城市景观的正负生态系统服务测算及空间格局[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(7):1215-1230. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201607010
	[ Li Mengtao, Zhou Zhongxue. Measurement and spatial pattern of positive and negative ecosystem services of urban landscape in Xi'an[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(7):1215-1230. ] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201607010
[32]	张碧桃, 周忠学. 秦巴山区土地利用变化对农业生态系统服务的影响--以汉中盆地为例[J]. 陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 48(1):21-31.
	[ Zhang Bitao, Zhou Zhongxue. Impact of land use change on agro-ecosystem services in Qinba Mountain area: A case study of Hanzhon Basin[J]. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2020, 48(1):21-31. ]
[33]	邹月, 周忠学. 西安市景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2017, 28(8):2629-2639.
	[ Zou Yue, Zhou Zhongxue. Impact of landscape pattern change on ecosystem service value of Xi'an City, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017, 28(8):2629-2639. ]
[34]	彭建, 王仰麟, 陈燕飞, 等. 城市生态系统服务功能价值评估初探--以深圳市为例[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2005(4):594-604.
	[ Peng Jian, Wang Yanglin, Chen Yanfei, et al. Economic value of urban ecosystem services: A case study in Shenzhen[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2005(4):594-604. ]
[35]	周忠学. 西咸都市化对都市农业发展的影响--基于生态系统服务视角[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2018: 189-190.
	[ Zhou Zhongxue. The impact of Xi'an-Xianyang urbanization on urban agricultural development from the perspective of ecosystem services[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2018: 189-190. ]
[36]	Larondelle N, Lauf S. Balancing demand and supply of multiple urban ecosystem services on different spatial scales[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2016, 22:18-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.008
[37]	陈龙, 谢高地, 盖力强, 等. 道路绿地消减噪声服务功能研究--以北京市为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(9):1526-1534.
	[ Chen Long, Xie Gaodi, Gai Liqiang, et al. Research on noise reduction service of road green spaces: A case study of Beijing[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(9):1526-1534. ]
[38]	Peng J, Zhao S Q, Dong J Q, et al. Applying ant colony algorithm to identify ecological security patterns in megacities[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software, 2019, 117:214-222.
[39]	陈昕, 彭建, 刘焱序, 等. 基于“重要性-敏感性-连通性”框架的云浮市生态安全格局构建[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(3):471-484. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201703006
	[ Chen Xin, Peng Jian, Liu Yanxu, et al. Constructing ecological security patterns in Yunfu City based on the framework of importance-sensitivity-connectivity[J]. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(3):471-484. ] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201703006
[40]	毛诚瑞, 代力民, 齐麟, 等. 基于生态系统服务的流域生态安全格局构建--以辽宁省辽河流域为例[J]. 生态学报, 2020, 40(18):6486-6494.
	[ Mao Chengrui, Dai Limin, Qi Lin, et al. Constructing ecological security pattern based on ecosystem services: A case study in Liaohe River Basin, Liaoning Province, China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020, 40(18):6486-6494. ]
[41]	王鹏, 刘小鹏, 王亚娟, 等. 黄土丘陵沟壑区生态移民过程及其生态系统服务价值评价--以宁夏海原县为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42(2):433-443.
	[ Wang Peng, Liu Xiaopeng, Wang Yajuan, et al. Ecological migration process and the evaluation of its ecosystem service value in Loess hilly and gully region: A case study of Haiyuan County, Ningxia[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(2):433-443. ]
[42]	宋静雪, 周忠学. 关中平原典型村落农业转型对生态系统服务的影响研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2020, 43(3):807-819.
	[ Song Jingxue, Zhou Zhongxue. Impact of agricultural transformation of typical villages in Guanzhong Plain on agro-ecosystem services[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2020, 43(3):807-819. ]

ES_i	供需匹配度
-1.0~-0.5	严重失调
-0.5~0	轻度失调
0	均衡
0~0.2	一般均衡
0.2~1.0	良好匹配

一级因子	二级因子	等级	赋值	权重
自然因素	景观类型	水域	1	0.20
		林地	2
		耕地	3
		园地	4
		草地	5
		建设用地	6
	归一化植被指数（NDVI）	-0.52~0	6	0.20
		0~0.17	5
		0.17~0.29	4
		0.29~0.41	3
		0.41~0.57	2
		0.57~0.88	1
	高程/m	227~387	1	0.15
		387~414	2
		414~452	3
		452~507	4
		507~615	5
		615~810	6
	坡度/%	0~19.52	1	0.15
		19.52~31.85	2
		31.85~43.51	3
		43.51~53.78	4
		53.78~64.05	5
		64.05~87.35	6
社会经济因素	人口密度/人·栅格^-1	0.23~4.37	1	0.30
		4.37~9.86	2
		9.86~17.86	3
		17.86~25.42	4
		25.42~31.35	5
		31.35~38.03	6

人口集聚区	粮食供需	水源涵养	固碳释氧	高温调节	空气净化	减弱噪声	休闲娱乐	总服务
低度集聚区	-0.181^**	-0.064	-0.140^**	-0.444^**	0.003	-0.291^**	0.166^**	-0.255^**
中度集聚区	-0.098	-0.044	0.241^*	-0.386^**	0.234^*	-0.161^**	0.330^**	-0.117^*
中高度集聚区	0	-0.091	-0.085	-0.244^**	0.182	-0.191^**	0.245^**	-0.073
高度集聚区	0	-0.032	-0.015	-0.215^**	-0.060	-0.179^**	0.185^**	0.051
建成区	-0.160^**	-0.084^*	-0.057^*	-0.037	0.458^**	-0.214^**	0.266^**	-0.166^**