新疆表层土壤粒径分形特征及驱动因素分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.201

干旱区地理 ›› 2026, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1): 56-68.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.201 cstr: 32274.14.ALG2025201

新疆表层土壤粒径分形特征及驱动因素分析

刘全渝¹^,²(), 刘馨璐¹^,², 李桂真¹, 李从娟²()

1 新疆农业大学草业学院，新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
2 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所，干旱区生态安全与可持续发展全国重点实验室，国家荒漠-绿洲生态建设工程技术研究中心，新疆乌鲁木齐 830011

收稿日期:2025-04-13 修回日期:2025-07-03 出版日期:2026-01-25 发布日期:2026-01-18
通讯作者: 李从娟（1982-），女，博士，研究员，主要从事荒漠化防治与生态恢复研究. E-mail: licj@ms.xjb.ac.cn
作者简介:刘全渝（2001-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事荒漠化防治与生态恢复研究. E-mail: liuquanyu12345@126.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”(2022TSYCCX0004);新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”(2022TSYCJC0005);新疆维吾尔自治区“天山创新团队”(2024D14014);新疆维吾尔自治区杰出青年基金(2022D01E97);新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2022B03030)

Fractal characteristics and driving factors of soil particle size in the surface layer of Xinjiang

LIU Quanyu¹^,²(), LIU Xinlu¹^,², LI Guizhen¹, LI Congjuan²()

1 College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, National Engineering Research Center for Desert-Oasis Ecological Construction, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China

Received:2025-04-13 Revised:2025-07-03 Published:2026-01-25 Online:2026-01-18

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

新疆是中国生态脆弱区和风蚀沙化灾害频发区，其表层土壤颗粒组成关系区域生态稳定。以新疆60个样地、180个样点表层土壤粒径为研究对象，通过干旱指数将采样点分为半干旱、干旱、极端干旱样地，探讨不同干旱梯度下土壤粒径分形特征和环境因子对新疆表土粒径分形特征的影响。结果表明：（1）随着干旱程度的增加，土壤表层颗粒分布逐渐粗化并呈现过渡性特征，半干旱、干旱样地土壤颗粒以粉粒为主，极端干旱样地土壤颗粒以砂粒为主，其中极细砂和细砂占比53.48%。（2）整体粒度特征分选较差，随着干旱程度增加，土壤颗粒的离散程度降低，分布区间更为集中，土壤分形维数集中在1.98~2.47之间。（3）分形维数受黏粒影响较大，与黏粒、粉粒呈显著正相关，与沙粒呈显著负相关，不同干旱梯度样地对分形维数拟合效果为极端干旱>干旱>半干旱。（4）因子探测器表明，年平均降水量（MAP）、年平均气温（MAT）、土壤类型、成土母质等因素对土壤分形维数解释较高。结构方程模型结果表明，本研究所选连续变量因子中，气候因子对新疆表层土壤分形维数影响显著，其中MAP与风速对分形维数为正向影响，MAT对分形维数为负向影响。研究结果可以为区域土壤利用、生态管理提供重要科学依据，进而有利于新疆的水土保持、植被恢复及生态系统稳定性。

关键词: 分形维数, 粒径分布, 土壤质地, 驱动因素, 新疆

Abstract:

Xinjiang, an ecologically fragile region in China that is prone to aeolian desertification, has a surface-soil particle composition that plays a critical role in regional ecosystem stability. This study analyzed the particle composition of surface soils collected from 180 sampling points across 60 plots in Xinjiang, China. Using the aridity index, sampling sites were classified into semi-arid, arid, and hyper-arid plots to examine the fractal characteristics of soil particle-size distributions across drought gradients and to assess how environmental factors influence these fractal properties in surface soils. The results demonstrated that (1) With increasing aridity, the surface-soil particle-size distribution became progressively coarser and showed clear transitional features. Semi-arid and arid plots were dominated by silt, whereas hyper-arid plots were dominated by sand, with very fine and fine sand together accounting for 53.48%. (2) Overall, the soils exhibited poor sorting. Particle dispersion decreased with increasing aridity, resulting in progressively narrower size distributions, and the fractal dimensions ranged from 1.98 to 2.47. (3) The fractal dimension was strongly influenced by clay content, showing positive correlations with clay and silt and a significant negative correlation with sand. Furthermore, the model-fitting performance of the fractal dimension in plots under different aridity gradients followed the order: hyper-arid>arid>semi-arid. (4) The factor detector results indicated that mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), soil type, and parent material had strong explanatory power for the soil fractal dimension. Structural equation modeling further showed that, among the continuous variables examined, climatic factors had a significant influence on the surface-soil fractal dimension in Xinjiang. Specifically, MAP and wind speed exerted positive effects, whereas MAT had a negative effect. This research provides a scientific basis for regional soil use and ecological management, supporting soil and water conservation, vegetation restoration, and ecosystem stability in Xinjiang.

Key words: fractal dimension, particle size distribution, soil texture, driving factors, Xinjiang

刘全渝, 刘馨璐, 李桂真, 李从娟. 新疆表层土壤粒径分形特征及驱动因素分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2026, 49(1): 56-68.

LIU Quanyu, LIU Xinlu, LI Guizhen, LI Congjuan. Fractal characteristics and driving factors of soil particle size in the surface layer of Xinjiang[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(1): 56-68.

图/表 14

图1

表1

表2

粒度参数分级标准"

标准偏差（ $σ 0$ ）		偏度（ $S 0$ ）		峰度（ $K 0$ ）
分选级别	取值范围	偏度等级	取值范围	峰度等级	取值范围
极好	$σ 0 ≤ 0.35$	极负偏	$- 1.0 ≤ S 0 ≤ - 0.3$	很宽平	$K 0 ≤ 0.67$
好	$0.35 σ 0 ≤ 0.50$	负偏	$- 0.3 S 0 ≤ - 0.1$	宽平	$0.67 K 0 ≤ 0.90$
较好	$0.50 σ 0 ≤ 0.71$	近于对称	$- 0.1 S 0 ≤ 0.1$	中等	$0.90 K 0 ≤ 1.11$
中等	$0.71 σ 0 ≤ 1.00$	正偏	$0.1 S 0 ≤ 0.3$	尖窄	$1.11 K 0 ≤ 1.56$
较差	$1.00 σ 0 ≤ 2.00$	极正偏	$0.3 S 0 ≤ 1.0$	很尖窄	$1.56 K 0 ≤ 3.00$
差	$2.00 σ 0 ≤ 4.00$			极尖窄	$K 0 3.00$
极差	$σ 0 4.00$

表2

表3

图2

图3

图4

表4

表5

表6

表7

图5

图6

表8

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样地分类	MAP/mm	MAT/℃	AI
半干旱样地	307.20±11.43	0.35±0.85	0.31±0.08
干旱样地	140.13±9.81	4.82±0.78	0.10±0.04
极端干旱样地	34.00±10.73	10.49±0.80	0.018±0.005

样地分类	黏粒/%	粉粒/%	砂粒/%
样地分类	黏粒/%	粉粒/%	极细砂	细砂	中砂	粗砂	总量
半干旱样地	5.33±0.39a	85.17±1.158a	8.19±0.81c	1.32±0.29b	0.57±0.47a	0.22±0.02a	9.50±1.05c
干旱样地	5.34±0.44a	72.63±2.87b	14.34±1.38b	7.09±1.78b	0.97±0.74a	0.02±0.01a	21.99±3.16b
极端干旱样地	2.35±0.96b	43.20±7.79c	30.07±3.95a	23.41±5.87a	0.52±0.29a	0.02±0.01a	54.45±8.48a

母质类型	样本数	黏粒占比/%	粉粒占比/%	砂粒占比/%	分形维数
坡、残积母质	102	5.32±0.42a	75.31±3.17a	19.37±3.40b	2.45±0.03a
洪、冲积母质	48	4.69±3.25a	72.98±3.80a	22.24±4.38b	2.37±0.06a
风积母质	21	1.07±1.65b	24.63±7.41b	74.29±7.97a	2.01±0.15b
黄土状母质	9	5.03±1.00a	77.70±2.94a	17.27±3.65b	2.44±0.04a

土壤类型	样本数	黏粒占比/%	粉粒占比/%	砂粒占比/%	分形维数
风沙土	24	0.91±0.53b	25.65±9.18c	73.44±9.69a	2.00±0.34b
黑钙土	24	5.71±0.47a	85.24±1.89a	9.05±1.65bc	2.47±0.05a
黑毡土	9	6.20±0.53a	87.16±0.82a	6.64±0.55c	2.49±0.03a
冷钙土	9	4.55±0.9ab	79.93±5.00ab	15.52±9.01bc	2.43±0.02a
粟钙土	33	4.91±0.59ab	78.72±2.97ab	16.36±3.37bc	2.45±0.02a
盐土	15	3.88±1.15ab	75.89±5.99ab	20.23±6.87bc	2.35±0.08a
棕钙土	18	5.65±1.18a	72.55±5.32b	21.58±6.49bc	2.47±0.03a
棕漠土	24	6.32±1.16a	64.27±4.31b	29.41±5.27b	2.46±0.09a

土地利用方式	样本数	黏粒占比/%	粉粒占比/%	砂粒占比/%	分形维数
草地	123	4.85±0.42a	71.29±20.28a	23.85±3.45b	2.42±0.03a
林地	30	5.00±0.50a	82.31±5.53a	12.69±1.98b	2.44±0.06a
未利用土地	27	3.30±1.43a	43.17±31.59b	53.53±11.73a	2.09±0.41b

新疆表层土壤粒径分形特征及驱动因素分析

Fractal characteristics and driving factors of soil particle size in the surface layer of Xinjiang

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样地分类	ASL/m	坡度	坡向	BD/g·cm^-3	SWC/%
半干旱样地	1994.33±161.92a	7.46±1.21a	175.66±27.70a	82.91±6.74b	23.76±3.46a
干旱样地	1758.58±194.67ab	4.22±0.87b	175.75±22.50a	119.01±6.51a	8.75±1.88b
极端干旱样地	1195.86±184.51b	2.03±0.97b	229.82±31.80a	134.00±4.76a	4.05±1.70c
样地分类	SOM/g·kg^-1	pH	EC/μS·cm^-1	NDVI	风速/m·s^-1
半干旱样地	99.85±11.98a	6.68±0.26b	146.47±16.42b	0.51±0.04a	10.46±0.88a
干旱样地	29.41±7.35b	8.23±0.11a	3813.46±1692.26a	0.21±0.03b	10.69±0.59a
极端干旱样地	7.96±4.24c	8.52±0.31a	3625.83±1122.65a	0.14±0.03b	9.14±0.44a

驱动因子	MAP	MAT	ASL	坡度	坡向	BD	SWC	SOM	pH	EC	NDVI	风速	分形维数
MAP	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
MAT	-0.68^**	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
ASL	0.20	-0.73^**	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
坡度	0.45^**	-0.60^**	0.58^**	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
坡向	-0.19	0.66^**	-0.019	0.033	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
BD	-0.61^**	0.56^**	-0.42^**	-0.58^**	0.089	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
SWC	0.66^**	-0.61^**	0.44^**	-0.54^**	-0.14	-0.84^**	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-
SOM	0.75^**	-0.67^**	0.38^**	-0.64^**	-0.15	-0.84^**	0.88^**	1.00	-	-	-	-	-
pH	-0.79^**	0.59^**	-0.21^**	-0.47^**	0.012	0.71^**	-0.70^**	-0.79^**	1.00	-	-	-	-
EC	-0.33^*	-0.43^**	-0.23	-0.30^*	0.11	0.05	-0.12	-0.24	0.21	1.00	-	-	-
NDVI	0.75^**	-0.61^**	0.31^*	-0.57^**	-0.029	-0.81^**	0.79^**	0.84^**	-0.81^**	-0.22	1.00	-	-
风速	0.17	-0.20	-0.09	-0.09	0.03	0.05	0.001	0.071	-0.16	-0.18	-0.10	1.00	-
分形维数	0.42^**	-0.45^**	0.12	0.16	-0.10	-0.12	0.16	0.24	-0.26^*	-0.10	0.16	0.29^*	1.00

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