基于格网GIS的黄河流域土地生态质量综合评价

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.127

Abstract

Abstract:

The Yellow River Basin plays a key role in China’s social and economic development and the construction of ecological security patterns. The high-quality development of this basin has become a major national strategy. Assessing the land ecological quality objectively and quantitatively is crucial for comprehensive land management and policymaking in Yellow River Basin. To understand the land ecological quality of Yellow River Basin and its spatial variation characteristics in 2018, four factors were chosen to construct a comprehensive evaluation model of the ecological quality of land: landscape pattern properties of land ecosystem, the anti-interference ability of habitat, ecosystem service value, and socioeconomic benefits. Improved entropy was used as an indicator of weight, and spatial autocorrelation, hot and cold spot analysis, and obstacle diagnosis model were used to explore the spatial characteristics of the land ecological quality. In this study, we take the landscape pattern properties of land ecosystem and ecosystem service value into consideration and use 8 km rasters as the evaluation unit to obtain more accurate results than the traditional administrative evaluation units. Results show the following: (1) The land ecological quality of Yellow River Basin is spatially expressed as “northwest low and middle part high, moderate in the southeast and northeast”. The overall land ecological quality is relatively low, and four safety grades from dangerous, critical safety, sub-safe, to safe accounted for 27.7%, 31.4%, 28.5%, and 12.4% of the total area, respectively. (2) The land ecological quality passed significant tests and showed a positive autocorrelation with a strong clustering pattern. The hot spots are mainly distributed in the Loess Plateau and Maowusu Ecological Reserve with strong ecological protection measures, and the cold spots are distributed in the northwest Yellow River Basin (the upper reaches), especially in southeast Qinghai, north Ningxia, and central Gansu. Therefore, the management of land ecology in the upper reaches should be properly strengthened to eliminate extreme cold points. (3) The main obstacles to the ecological quality of land in Yellow River Basin were economic density, diversity of land use structure, proximity to ecological protection area, and proximity to water. The government should focus on regional natural resources, encourage green innovation, convert rich natural resources, biological resources, historical and cultural resources into economic value, rationally allocate artificial ecosystems’ structure during ecological restoration and transformation, and add nature reserves when necessary.

Key words: Fragstats, Grid-GIS, land ecological quality, Yellow River Basin

AO Yong,JIANG Lingfeng,BAI Zhaodi,YANG Xiao,ZHANG Leyi. Comprehensive evaluation of land ecological quality in the Yellow River Basin based on Grid-GIS[J].Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(1): 164-175.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Comprehensive evaluation index system of land ecological quality in the Yellow River Basin"

目标层	准则层（权重）	指标层（权重）	指标计算	性质	参考文献
黄河流域土地生态质量综合评价	景观特征（0.140）	景观形状指数（0.224）	$LSI = 0.25 L / A$ 式中：LSI为景观形状指数;L为斑块周长（m）;A为斑块面积（m²）。	负	[2,16]
		最大斑块指数（0.173）	$LPI = Max a 1, a 2, …, a n A$ 式中：LPI为最大斑块指数; $a n$ 为斑块n的面积（m²）;A为景观总面积（m²）。	正	[2,16]
		香农多样性指数（0.267）	$SHDI = - ∑ i = 1 m (P i ln P i)$ 式中：SHDI为香农多样性指数; $P i$ 为斑块类型i占景观总面积的比例;m为斑块类型总数。	正	[2,16]
		景观蔓延度（0.336）	$CONTAG = 1 + ∑ i = 1 m ∑ k = 1 m P i g ik ∑ k = 1 m g ik ln P i g ik ∑ k = 1 m g ik 2 ln m$ 式中：CONTAG为景观蔓延度;p_i为i类型景观占总景观比例; $g ik$ 为i和k类型相邻的斑块数;m为类似的景观总数。	正	[2,16]
	生境质量抗干扰能力（0.408）	归一化植被指数（0.046）	$NDVI = (NIR - R) / (NIR + R)$ 式中：NDVI为归一化植被指数;NIR为近红外波段;R为红波段。	正	[8,26]
		高程（0.084）	由数字高程模型（DEM）得到	负	[8]
		坡度（0.091）	由DEM得到	负	[8,10]
		离生态保护区距离（0.291）	保护区数据缓冲区分析得到	正	[2]
		土地利用结构多样性（0.233）	$C = - ∑ i = 1 n C i ln C i$ 式中： $C$ 为土地利用结构多样性指数;C_i为第i种土地利用类型面积（m²）;n为土地利用类型的数量。	正	[2]
		离水域距离（0.145）	由水系数据缓冲区分析得到	正	[8,26]
		离道路距离（0.110）	由道路数据缓冲区分析得到	负	[8,26]
	土地利用社会经济效益（0.292）	人口密度（0.010）	空间化人口密度数据	负	[2,10]
		人均粮食产量（0.186）	各市粮食总产量/常住人口	正	[2]
		人均收入水平（0.285）	各市生产总值/常住人口	正	[2,10]
		经济密度（0.519）	各市生产总值/土地面积	正	[2,10]
	土地生态系统服务价值（0.160）	生态系统供给服务价值（0.285）	依据中国生态系统服务价值当量因子表修正后计算得到	正	[16,27]
		生态系统调节服务价值（0.187）	依据中国生态系统服务价值当量因子表修正后计算得到	正	[16,27]
		生态系统支持服务价值（0.367）	依据中国生态系统服务价值当量因子表修正后计算得到	正	[16,27]
		生态系统文化服务价值（0.161）	依据中国生态系统服务价值当量因子表修正后计算得到	正	[16,27]

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Tab. 4

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指标	分级标准	评价值	指标	分级标准	评价值
高程/m	[0,1000] (1000,2000] (2000,3000] >3000	1 3 5 7	离一级水系距离/m	[0,1000] (1000,2000] (2000,3000] (3000,5000] >5000	9 7 5 3 1
坡度/(°)	[0,5] (5,15] (15,25] >25	1 3 5 7	离二级水系距离/m	[0,500] (500,1000] (1000,1500] (1500,2500] >2500	9 7 5 3 1
离生态保护区距离/m	保护区内保护区外	7 1	离三级水系距离/m	[0,500] (500,1000] (1000,1500] >2500	7 5 3 1
离道路距离/m	[0,1000] (1000,2000] (2000,3000] >3000	7 5 3 1

一级类型	二级类型	森林	草地	农田	湿地	水域	荒漠	建设用地
供给服务	食物生产	1056.70	1376.91	3202.11	1152.76	1697.12	64.04	0.00
供给服务	原材料生产	9542.29	1152.76	1248.82	768.51	1120.74	128.08	1120.74
调节服务	气体调节	13833.12	4803.17	2305.52	7717.09	1633.08	192.13	0.00
	气候调节	13032.59	4995.29	3106.05	43388.59	6596.35	416.27	0.00
	水源涵养	13096.63	4867.21	2465.62	43036.36	60103.60	224.15	-49408.56
	净化环境	5507.63	4226.79	4450.93	46110.38	47551.33	832.55	-10342.82
支持服务	保持土壤	12872.48	7172.73	4707.10	6372.20	1312.87	544.36	0.00
支持服务	维持生物多样性	14441.52	5987.95	3266.15	11815.79	10983.24	1280.84	0.00
文化服务	提供美学景观	6660.39	2785.84	544.36	15017.90	14217.37	768.51	0.00

准则层及指标	指标障碍度/%
准则层及指标	危险区	临界安全区	较安全区	安全区
景观特征	11.482	11.873	13.127	15.716
生境质量抗干扰能力	47.342	46.346	39.508	34.547
土地利用社会经济效益	39.925	40.371	45.863	47.990
土地生态系统服务价值	1.250	1.410	1.502	1.747
景观形状指数	2.807	2.867	3.007	3.839
最大斑块指数	1.351	1.295	1.261	1.832
香农多样性指数	2.740	3.092	3.808	3.839
景观蔓延度	4.584	4.619	5.051	6.206
归一化植被指数	0.617	0.891	0.820	0.956
高程	3.194	1.829	3.396	2.669
坡度	3.014	2.294	2.637	2.922
离生态保护区距离	16.621	17.121	7.314	1.226
土地利用结构多样性	12.554	13.325	14.390	15.344
离水域距离	7.563	8.004	8.759	10.073
离道路距离	3.780	2.883	2.191	1.357
人口密度	0.003	0.003	0.002	0.002
人均粮食产量	6.479	5.988	7.292	8.085
人均收入水平	8.166	7.247	8.760	8.284
经济密度	25.277	27.133	29.810	31.618

Comprehensive evaluation of land ecological quality in the Yellow River Basin based on Grid-GIS

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