内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原湖泊变化研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.02.11

Abstract

Abstract:

Lakes are important water reservoirs that play an important role in water supply and climate regulation, especially in arid regions. A large number of lakes are distributed across the Hulun Buir grasslands, which account for as high as 58% of the total area of lakes in Inner Mongolia, China. Subjected to significant climate change and intensive anthropogenic activities, lakes in the Hulun Buir grasslands have shrunk significantly. Shrinkage of the lakes in this region may accelerate grassland degradation and reduce the lakes’ ecosystem services. However, long-term changes in the number and area of these lakes, especially the small ones (<1 km²), are poorly understood. Using the Landsat data (TM, ETM+, and OLI), in this study, we assess the changes in the number and area of lakes and their drives in Hulun Buir between 1986 and 2017. The assessment especially focuses on small lakes because they are more sensitive to environmental changes and have more widespread influences on livestock production compared to large lakes. We first used Google Earth Engine to analyze the Landsat surface reflectance data and extract the water body coverage of the lakes based on the normalized differential water index. Then, we explored the changes in the lakes and their possible driving forces over the past three decades. The results showed a significant shrinkage in the lake area during the last three decades with the most dramatic change occurring in small lakes. Specifically, the number and area of small and large lakes showed a significant decrease, whereas the decline in the area of medium-sized lakes was insignificant. The temporal change in the area of the lakes was nonlinear, showing an increase before 2000 and a decrease after 2000. A correlation analysis of the regional changes in the lake area with climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration) and human factors (grazing, mining, and irrigation) indicated that the areal shrinkage of small lakes was mainly due to an increase in the cropland area and water consumption by irrigation and that the impacts of climate change is relatively minor. The decrease in the area of large lakes was mainly caused by water consumption because of coal mining. In addition, the warmer and drier climate contributes to the shrinkage in the lakes’ area. Due to an increase in the area of agricultural land and exploitation of groundwater for coal mining, water consumption in this region stayed at a high level. The findings of this study recommend the optimization of industrial structure, upgrading of irrigation systems, and improvement of coal mining technology to protect lakes from further shrinkage and achieve a sustainable supply of water resources.

Key words: ake, Landsat, area change, number change, Hulun Buir

GENG Xiaoqing,HU Zhaomin,ZHAO Xia,SHEN Haihua,FANG Jingyun. Three-decadal changes of lakes in Hulun Buir grasslands, Inner Mongolia[J].Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(2): 400-408.

Figures/Tables 10

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References 32

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实际类型	分类结果
实际类型	非水体	水体	总和
非水体	6078	46	6124
水体	388	3156	3544
总和	6466	3202	9668
总体精度=95.51%,K=90.13%

区域	湖泊等级	湖泊数量/个		湖泊面积/km²		干涸湖泊数量/个	新增湖泊数量/个	湖泊数量净变化/个	湖泊数量变化百分比/%	湖泊面积变化/km²	湖泊面积变化百分比/%
区域	湖泊等级	1986—1990年	2014—2017年	1986—1990年	2014—2017年	干涸湖泊数量/个	新增湖泊数量/个	湖泊数量净变化/个	湖泊数量变化百分比/%	湖泊面积变化/km²	湖泊面积变化百分比/%
合计	小	60	46	41.8	27.9	19	5	-14	-23.3	-13.9	-33.3
	中	62	57	130.4	134.4	5	0	-5	-8.1	4.0	3.1
	大	6	5	2243.6	2170.3	1	0	-1	-16.7	-73.3	-3.3
陈巴尔虎旗	小	4	6	2.7	3.5	0	2	2	50.0	0.8	29.6
	中	14	14	36.9	51.0	0	0	0	0.0	14.1	38.2
	大	1	1	18.4	18.0	0	0	0	0.0	-0.4	-2.2
新巴尔虎右旗	小	23	14	16.0	7.3	10	1	-9	-39.1	-8.7	-54.4
	中	14	10	34.6	15.3	4	0	-4	-28.6	-19.3	-55.8
	大	3	3	2151.5	2132.3	0	0	0	0.0	-19.2	-0.9
新巴尔虎左旗	小	22	16	15.9	9.9	6	0	-6	-27.3	-6.0	-37.7
	中	26	25	47.4	57.3	1	0	-1	-3.9	9.9	20.9
	大	2	1	73.7	20.1	1	0	-1	-50.0	-53.6	-72.7
满洲里	小	1	1	0.5	0.5	1	1	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	中	0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	大	0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
海拉尔	小	2	1	1.6	1.0	1	0	-1	-50.0	-0.6	-37.5
	中	0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	大	0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
鄂温克族自治区	小	8	8	5.1	5.7	1	1	0	0.0	0.6	11.8
	中	8	8	11.4	10.8	0	0	0	0.0	-0.6	-5.3
	大	0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0

因素类型	小湖泊面积		中湖泊面积		大湖泊面积		总湖泊面积
因素类型	SS/%	r	SS/%	r	SS/%	r	SS/%	r
降水量	35.40**	0.42*	34.10*	0.34	0.70	0.10	2.40	0.16
气温	0.04	-0.06	2.60	-0.14	14.30**	0.23	11.30**	0.19
潜在蒸散量	4.90	-0.29	9.90	-0.03	16.20**	-0.27	12.90**	-0.26
原煤产量	24.10**	-0.39	0.90	-0.01	32.10**	-0.60**	31.10**	-0.57**
有效灌溉面积	31.20**	-0.63**	38.50*	-0.17	29.10**	-0.79**	33.50**	-0.77**
放牧强度	1.40	-0.67**	3.80	-0.27	6.70*	-0.81**	6.80*	-0.80**
残差	2.90	0.42*	10.00	0.34	1.70	0.10	2.00	0.16

Three-decadal changes of lakes in Hulun Buir grasslands, Inner Mongolia

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