Abstract: Groundw ater has been changing extensively affected by climate change and human activity. It was indicatedthat the climate of Trim Basin tended to a severe aridity from late Pleistocene and the groundwater dependedmainly on the runoff which was composed of melted glacier and snow and rainfall from Kunlun Mountains. 'Thechange of temperature in geologic period led to the altering of runoff flow to 'Trim Basin and then caused changeof groundwater recharge. In human history period, climate still played a leading role in the evolution of ground-water. Continuous arid climate resulted in reducing of runoff and changing of channels which influenced rechargeand distribution of groundwater. As the development of civilization of human society, the impacts of transformation and destruction of human activity to water system played a more and more significant role environmentally. ln the modern times, the population growth improvement of socio economic conditions brought about rapid ex-pansion of artificial oases which need to consume a large amount of water. Resulted from that, the artificial irri-gation canal took the place of natural channel, the artificial reservoirs took the place of natural lakes which enhanced the space time redistribution of surface water based on the natural evolution, and so did groundwater. The groundwater reduced 26.2% in 46 years from 1950 to 1995 in the south of 'Tarim Basin based on a annual population increase rate of 27. 7% and the water use rate increasing from 24.6% to 58. 4%. At the same timethe artificial canal system seepage takes primary place in groundwater recharge, which is up to 57. 6% while the natural channel reduce to 33.7%. As a result of that, groundwater level drop 3~5 m widespread except someirrigation areas and surroundings of plain reservoir. Spring water also reduced about 28. 7% although exploitation and utilization of groundwater is very limit, which is about 2.3% of groundwater resources. At the same time, groundw ater pollution begin to rise up quickly. Especially, in some towns and irrigation area a lot of or-ganic nutrition such as NO:-N, NH-N, DOC and SRP are brought to aquifers where groundwater is rechargedby surface water. Besides, groundw ater evolution has led to serious plant degradation and sandy desertification in the south edge of Tarim Basin.

Key words: Human activity, climatic change, groundwater, eco environment, South of Tarim Basin