祁连山典型灌丛群落结构特征及其多样性研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.05.23

Abstract

Abstract:

Shrub community is an essential part of the forest ecosystem in Qilian Mountains, playing an indispensable role in maintaining ecological security in Northwestern China. The systematic study of shrub community structure is important for clarifying the renewal succession and stability of the shrub community. This can provide fundamental data and a scientific basis for protecting, restoring, and reconstructing the forest ecosystem in Qilian Mountains. In this study, we selected five typical shrub communities, including Caragana tangutica, Berberis diaphana, Potentilla fruticosa, Caragana jubata, and Salix gilashanica. They were distributed in the Dayekou watershed of Qilian Mountains and selected as the research topic. The species composition, life form compositions, and species diversity of five typical shrub communities were studied by field investigation and indoor analysis. The results showed that (1) The composition of shrub communities was relatively simple in the northern piedmont of central Qilian Mountains. Only 48 species belong to 38 genera and 26 families, but most plants belong to Rosaceae, Gramineae, Compositae, and Leguminosae, which are characteristic families in the arid region of northwest China. (2) In the life form of five typical shrub communities, the proportion of ground bud plants was the largest (37.09%), and the proportion of aboveground buds was the least (4.00%). (3) Overall, the Shannon-Weiner diversity index and Simpson's diversity index ranged from 1.12 to 2.26 and 0.60 to 0.74 of shrub communities, respectively. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index of different shrub communities showed Potentilla fruticose>Caragana jubata>Berberis diaphana>Caragana tangutica>Salix gilashanica. The Simpson's diversity index of different shrub communities showed Potentilla fruticose>Caragana jubata>Salix gilashanica>Berberis diaphana>Caragana tangutica. (4) Different habitat conditions lead to differences in the interstratum structure of community diversity, except for the Caragana jubata community, where the diversity index is herb layer>shrub layer. In contrast, the species diversity index of the shrub and herb layers in the Caragana jubata community is relatively similar, and the species composition of shrubs and herbs is homogeneous.

Key words: shrub communities, species diversity, structural characteristics, life form, Qilian Mountains

MA Jian,LIU Xiande,HE Xiaoling,WANG Shunli,HE Yongyan,WU Xiurong,ZHAO Jingzhong,MA Xue'e. Structural characteristics and diversity of typical shrub communities in Qilian Mountains[J].Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(5): 1427-1437.

Figures/Tables 6

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Species compositions and important values of typical shrub communities in Qilian Mountains"

群落类型	物种名称	拉丁学名	重要值	物种名称	拉丁学名	重要值
甘青锦鸡儿	甘青锦鸡儿	Caragana tangutica	0.547	芨芨草	Achnatherum splendens	0.046
	白莲蒿	Artemisia stechmanniana	0.015	甘肃棘豆	Oxytropis kansuensis	0.031
	冰草	Agropyron cristatum	0.197	金露梅	Potentilla fruticosa	0.009
	大藜	Chenopodium album	0.008	狼毒	Stellera chamaejasme	0.018
	多裂委陵菜	Potentilla multifida	0.037	马蔺	Iris lactea	0.009
	二裂委陵菜	Potentilla bifurca	0.060	苔草	Carex spp.	0.078
	狗娃花	Aster hispidus	0.041	针茅	Stipa capillata	0.172
鲜黄小檗	矮锦鸡儿	Caragana pygmaea	0.020	狼毒	Stellera chamaejasme	0.013
	白莲蒿	Artemisia stechmanniana	0.011	马蔺	Iris lactea	0.007
	冰草	Agropyron cristatum	0.138	南苜蓿	Medicago polymorpha	0.026
	大藜	Chenopodium album	0.005	爬地柏	Sabina procumbens	0.009
	多裂委陵菜	Potentilla multifida	0.026	苔草	Carex spp.	0.055
	二裂委陵菜	Potentilla bifurca	0.042	鲜黄小檗	Berberis diaphana	0.432
	狗娃花	Aster hispidus	0.028	高山绣线菊	Spiraea alpina	0.140
	芨芨草	Achnatherum splendens	0.032	银露梅	Potentilla glabra	0.028
	甘肃棘豆	Oxytropis kansuensis	0.019	针茅	Stipa capillata	0.121
	金露梅	Potentilla fruticosa	0.043
金露梅	白茅	Imperata cylindrica	0.020	马蹄金	Dichondra micrantha	0.057
	扁蕾	Gentianopsis barbata	0.007	马先蒿	Pedicularis kansuensis	0.025
	大蓟	Chenopodium album	0.003	披碱草	Elymus dahuricus	0.029
	多裂委陵菜	Potentilla multifida	0.155	蛇莓	Duchesnea indica	0.007
	翻白委陵菜	Potentilla discolor	0.022	苔草	Carex spp.	0.147
	茴香	Foeniculum vulgare	0.091	多裂委陵菜	Potentilla multifida	0.208
	甘肃棘豆	Oxytropis kansuensis	0.035	高山绣线菊	Spiraea alpina	0.036
	节节草	Equisetum ramosissimum	0.007	鱼眼草	Dichrocephala integrifolia	0.007
	金露梅	Potentilla fruticosa	0.606	早熟禾	Poa annua	0.013
	爵床	Justicia procumbens	0.016	针茅	Stipa capillata	0.013
	老鹳草	Geranium wilfordii	0.013	珠芽蓼	Polygonum viviparum	0.119
	列当	Orobanche coerulescens	0.027	醉马草	Achnatherum inebrians	0.057
鬼箭锦鸡儿	吉拉柳	Salix gilashanica	0.195	南苜蓿	Medicago polymorpha	0.005
	鬼箭锦鸡儿	Caragana jubata	0.180	羌活	Notopterygium incisum	0.010
	金露梅	Potentilla fruticosa	0.177	升麻	Cimicifuga foetida	0.010
	高山绣线菊	Spiraea alpina	0.033	苔草	Carex spp.	0.406
	柳叶蓼	Polygonum lapathifolium	0.010	珠芽蓼	Polygonum viviparum	0.182
	马蹄金	Dichondra micrantha	0.047
吉拉柳	地钱	Marchantia polymorpha	0.002	升麻	Cimicifuga foetida	0.011
	吉拉柳	Salix gilashanica	0.512	苔草	Carex spp.	0.168
	鬼箭锦鸡儿	Caragana jubata	0.105	铁角蕨	Asplenium trichomanes	0.011
	羌活	Notopterygium incisum	0.003	小蓟	Cephalanoplos segetum	0.021
	青海云杉	Picea crassifolia	0.029	珠芽蓼	Polygonum viviparum	0.038

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Change of species compositions of shrub communities in Qilian Mountains"

群落类型	科别	属数	占总属数/%	种数	占总种数/%
甘青锦鸡儿	豆科 Leguminosae	2	16.67	2	13.33
	禾本科 Gramineae	3	25.00	3	20.00
	菊科 Compositae	2	16.67	2	13.33
	藜科 Chenopodiaceae	1	8.33	1	6.67
	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	1	8.33	4	26.67
	瑞香科 Thymelaeaceae	1	8.33	1	6.67
	莎草科 Cyperaceae	1	8.33	1	6.67
	鸢尾科 Iridaceae	1	8.33	1	6.67
鲜黄小檗	豆科 Leguminosae	3	18.70	3	15.00
	禾本科 Gramineae	3	18.75	3	15.00
	菊科 Compositae	2	12.50	2	10.00
	藜科Chenopodiaceae	1	6.25	1	5.00
	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	2	12.50	6	30.00
	瑞香科 Thymelaeaceae	1	6.25	1	5.00
	莎草科Cyperaceae	1	6.25	1	5.00
	鸢尾科 Iridaceae	1	6.25	1	5.00
	小檗科Berberidaceae	1	6.25	1	5.00
	柏科Cupressacea	1	6.25	1	5.00
金露梅	豆科 Leguminosae	1	4.76	1	4.17
	禾本科 Gramineae	5	23.81	5	20.83
	菊科 Compositae	2	9.52	2	8.33
	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	3	14.29	6	25.00
	莎草科Cyperaceae	1	4.76	1	4.17
	蓼科 Polygonaceae	1	4.76	1	4.17
	旋花科 Convolvulaceae	1	4.76	1	4.17
	伞形科 Umbelliferae	1	4.76	1	4.17
	爵床科 Acanthaceae	1	4.76	1	4.17
	木贼科 Equisetaceae	1	4.76	1	4.17
	龙胆科 Gentianaceae	1	4.76	1	4.17
	牻牛儿苗科 Geraniaceae	1	4.76	1	4.17
	玄参科 Scrophulariaceae	1	4.76	1	4.17
	列当科Orobanchaceae	1	4.76	1	4.17
鬼箭锦鸡儿	豆科 Leguminosae	2	18.18	2	16.67
	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	2	18.18	2	16.67
	莎草科Cyperaceae	1	9.09	1	8.33
	蓼科 Polygonaceae	1	9.09	1	8.33
	旋花科 Convolvulaceae	1	9.09	1	8.33
	伞形科 Umbelliferae	1	9.09	1	8.33
	杨柳科 Salicaceae	1	9.09	1	8.33
	毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	1	9.09	1	8.33
	唇形科 Labiatae	1	9.09	2	16.67
吉拉柳	豆科 Leguminosae	1	9.09	1	9.09
	菊科 Compositae	1	9.09	1	9.09
	莎草科Cyperaceae	1	9.09	1	9.09
	蓼科 Polygonaceae	1	9.09	1	9.09
	伞形科 Umbelliferae	1	9.09	1	9.09
	杨柳科 Salicaceae	1	9.09	1	9.09
	毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	1	9.09	1	9.09
	地钱科 Marchantiaceae	1	9.09	1	9.09
	虎耳草科 Saxifragaceae	1	9.09	1	9.09
	松科 Pinaceae	1	9.09	1	9.09
	铁角蕨科 Aspleniaceae	1	9.09	1	9.09

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

Tab. 5

Basic characteristics and species diversity of typical shrub communities in Qilian Mountains"

群落类型	灌木层主要伴生种	草本层主要优势种	平均高度 /cm	盖度 /%	D	H	J	C	M
甘青锦鸡儿	-	针茅（Stipa capillata）、冰草（Agropyron cristatum）、芨芨草（Achnatherum splendens）、马蔺（Iris lactea）、甘肃棘豆（Oxytropis kansuensis）、狗娃花（Aster hispidus）	180.18a	24c	0.60a	1.76a	0.75a	0.40a	1.57b
鲜黄小檗	金露梅（Potentilla fruticose）、银露梅（Potentilla glabra）	苔草（Carex spp.）、委陵菜（Potentilla chinensis）、南苜蓿（Medicago polymorpha）、火绒草（Leontopodium leontopodioides）、甘肃马先蒿（Pedicularis kansuensis）、狗娃花（Aster hispidus）、针茅（Stipa capillata）、甘肃棘豆（Oxytropis kansuensis）、芨芨草（Achnatherum splendens）、狼毒（Stellera chamaejasme）	157.71a	42b	0.63a	1.90a	0.74a	0.27a	1.05b
金露梅	高山绣线菊（Spiraea alpine）	白茅（Imperata cylindrica）、老鹳草（Geranium wilfordii）、苔草（Carex spp.）、委陵菜（Potentilla chinensis）、珠芽蓼（Polygonum viviparum）、甘肃马先蒿（Pedicularis kansuensis）、南苜蓿（Medicago polymorpha）、甘肃棘豆（Oxytropis kansuensis）、早熟禾（Poa annua）、针茅（Stipa capillata）、节节草（Equisetum ramosissimum）	45.48b	37b	0.74a	2.26a	0.80a	0.47a	1.97a
吉拉柳	鬼箭锦鸡儿（Caragana jubata）	珠芽蓼（Polygonum viviparum）、甘肃马先蒿（Pedicularis kansuensis）、升麻（Cimicifuga foetida）、苔草（Carex spp.）、羌活（Notopterygium incisum）、小蓟（Cephalanoplos segetum）、铁角蕨（Asplenium trichomanes）	54.72b	87a	0.67a	1.12b	0.53b	0.33a	0.96b
鬼箭锦鸡儿	吉拉柳（Salix gilashanica）	苔草（Carex spp.）、珠芽蓼（Polygonum viviparum）、火绒草（Leontopodium leontopodioides）、马蹄金（Dichondra micrantha）、南苜蓿（Medicago polymorpha）、升麻（Cimicifuga foetida）、羌活（Notopterygium incisum）	24.46c	60a	0.70a	2.03a	0.85a	0.30a	1.32b

Tab. 5

Tab. 6

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群落类型	土层厚度/cm	土壤类型	海拔/m	坡度/（°）	坡向	生长状况	地径/mm	盖度/%	平均高度/m
鬼箭锦鸡儿	60	高山草甸土	3300	40	NE	一般	20	60	0.60
吉拉柳	60	高山草甸土	3300	32	NE	良好	26	55	1.40
金露梅	60	高山草甸土	2900	33	E	好	16	90	0.90
鲜黄小檗	60	粟钙土	2600	30	W	一般	20	70	1.80
甘青锦鸡儿	60	粟钙土	2600	22	SW	一般	25	50	1.40

Structural characteristics and diversity of typical shrub communities in Qilian Mountains

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群落类型		生活型
群落类型		高位芽植物	地上芽植物	地面芽植物	隐芽植物	一年生植物
甘青锦鸡儿	种类数	2	1	8	2	2
甘青锦鸡儿	百分数/%	13.33	6.67	53.33	13.33	13.33
鲜黄小檗	种类数	6	1	9	2	2
鲜黄小檗	百分数/%	30.00	5.00	45.00	10.00	10.00
金露梅	种类数	2	2	10	6	4
金露梅	百分数/%	8.33	8.33	41.67	25.00	16.67
鬼箭锦鸡儿	种类数	4	0	3	3	1
鬼箭锦鸡儿	百分数/%	36.36	0.00	27.27	27.27	9.09
吉拉柳	种类数	3	0	2	4	2
吉拉柳	百分数/%	27.27	0.00	18.18	36.36	18.18

群落类型	生长型	D	H	J	C	M
甘青锦鸡儿	灌木	0.70	0.35	0.15	0.30	0.10
甘青锦鸡儿	草本	0.73	1.41	0.60	0.27	1.44
鲜黄小檗	灌木	0.78	0.74	0.29	0.22	0.81
鲜黄小檗	草本	0.95	1.16	0.45	0.05	1.42
金露梅	灌木	0.62	0.42	0.15	0.38	0.13
金露梅	草本	0.91	1.84	0.66	0.09	2.10
吉拉柳	灌木	0.72	0.63	0.30	0.28	0.22
吉拉柳	草本	0.94	0.79	0.23	0.10	0.71
鬼箭锦鸡儿	灌木	0.90	1.04	0.44	0.10	0.45
鬼箭锦鸡儿	草本	0.80	0.99	0.41	0.20	0.85

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