石羊河流域荒漠区植被类型、分布和数量特征

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.055

Abstract

Abstract:

Desert vegetation within the Shiyang River Basin of China plays an important role in mitigating the convergence of the Badain Jaran and Tengger Deserts. It plays a vital role in maintaining the ecological security of the regional oasis. A comprehensive understanding of the types, distribution, and survival of desert vegetation in the Shiyang River Basin was pursued through a multiyear field survey aided by satellite images. This endeavor classified desert vegetation types, draw vegetation distribution maps, and analyze the quantitative characteristics of typical desert vegetation communities. These findings serve as a basis for the conservation and sustainable use of desert vegetation and its species diversity in the Shiyang River Basin. The study yielded the following key insights: (1) The Shiyang River Basin boasts diverse desert vegetation types, organized into 4 vegetation type groups, 6 vegetation types, 7 vegetation subtypes, and 40 vegetation groups. These exhibit typical desert and steppe desert characteristics. The spatial distribution of desert vegetation within the basin considerably varies. The eastern part predominantly features drifting sands and a homogeneous vegetation type, while the northern part is characterized by a rich distribution of Gobi areas interspersed with different vegetation types and species composition. (2) The species composition of desert vegetation in the Shiyang River Basin is considerably rich, encompassing 486 species in 255 genera of 57 families, mainly consisting of temperate desert plants, perennial herbs, annual herbs, and shrubs, accounting for 49.59%, 25.31%, and 18.93% of the total number of species, respectively. The desert vegetation structure in the Shiyang River Basin is simple, with shrubs and semi-shrubs often serving as community-building species. (3) The number of dominant species within typical plant communities in the Shiyang River Basin varies considerably. These communities exhibit species richness ranging from 2.1 to 16.3, with an average of 7.6 species. The Reaumuria songarica+Nitraria sphaerocarpa community is the richest, with 16.3 species. Following closely is the Caroxylon passerinum+Nitraria sphaerocarpa+Kalidium cuspidatum community, which encompasses 14.5 species. Conversely, the Nitraria tangutorum, Sympegma regelii, Kalidium foliatum, and Artemisia ordosica communities had the lowest number of species, with 2.7, 2.6, 2.1, and 2.6 species, respectively. In summary, the Shiyang River Basin harbors diverse desert vegetation types and a rich variety of constituent species. However, community cover, species richness, and diversity index are low. Therefore, the protection and restoration of desert vegetation and its fragile habitats should be strengthened to maintain the diversity, stability, and sustainability of the desert ecosystem while harnessing its full ecological protection potential.

Key words: vegetation type, community distribution, species composition, species diversity, Shiyang River Basin

GUO Fangjun, MA Quanlin, ZHANG Jinchun, LI Delu, YUAN Hongbo, CHEN Fang, WEI Linyuan, ZHANG Dekui. Vegetation types, distribution and quantitative characteristics in the desert area of Shiyang River Basin[J].Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(11): 1848-1857.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Vegetation types in the desert area of Shiyang River Basin"

植被型组	植被型	植被亚型	群系
灌丛	Ⅰ落叶阔叶灌丛	（一）温性落叶阔叶灌丛	1.柠条锦鸡儿灌丛（Form. Caragana korshinskii）
			2.荒漠锦鸡儿灌丛（Form. Caragana roborovskyi）
			3.蒙古扁桃灌丛（Form. Prunus mongolica）
			4.多枝柽柳灌丛（Form. Tamarix ramosissima）
			5.黑果枸杞灌丛（Form. Lycium ruthenicum）
			6.白刺灌丛（Form. Nitraria tangutorum）
草本植被（草地）	Ⅱ丛生草类草地	（二）丛生草类荒漠草原	7.戈壁针茅荒漠草原（Form. Stipa tianschanica）
			8.沙生针茅荒漠草原（Form. Stipa caucasica）
			9.短花针茅荒漠草原（Form. Stipa breviflora）
		（三）丛生草类盐生草甸	10.芨芨草草甸（Form. Neotrinia splendens）
	Ⅲ杂类草草地	（四）杂类草盐生草甸	11.马蔺草甸（Form. Iris lactea）
	Ⅲ杂类草草地	（四）杂类草盐生草甸	12.苦豆子盐生草甸（Form. Sophora alopecuroides）
荒漠	Ⅳ半乔木与灌木荒漠	（五）温性灌木荒漠	13.膜果麻黄荒漠（Form. Ephedra przewalskii）
			14.霸王荒漠（Form. Zygophyllum xanthoxylum）
			15.霸王+驼绒藜荒漠（Form. Zygophyllum xanthoxylum+Krascheninnikovia ceratoides）
			16.梭梭荒漠（Form. Haloxylon ammodendron）
			17.沙木蓼荒漠（Form. Atraphaxis bracteata）
			18.沙拐枣荒漠（Form. Calligonum mongolicum）
	Ⅴ半灌木与草本荒漠	（六）温性半灌木与草本荒漠	19.猫头刺荒漠（Form. Oxytropis aciphylla）
			20.泡泡刺荒漠（Form. Nitraria sphaerocarpa）
			21.驼绒藜荒漠（Form. Krascheninnikovia ceratoides）
			22.绵刺荒漠（Form. Potaninia mongolica）
			23.红砂荒漠（Form. Reaumuria songarica）
			24.珍珠柴荒漠（Form. Caroxylon passerinum）
			25.合头藜荒莫（Form. Sympegma regelii）
			26.鹰爪柴荒漠（Form. Convolvulus gortschakovii）
			27.盐爪爪荒漠（Form. Kalidium foliatum）
			28.短叶假木贼荒漠（Form. Anabasis brevifolia）
			29.中亚紫菀木荒漠（Form. Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus）
			30.沙蒿荒漠（Form. Artemisia desertorum）
			31.黑沙蒿荒漠（Form. Artemisia ordosica）
			32.裸果木荒漠（Form. Gymnocarpos przewalskii）
			33.内蒙古旱蒿荒漠（Form. Artemisia xerophytica）
			34.灌木亚菊荒漠（Form. Ajania fruticulosa）
			35.白麻荒漠（Form. Apocynum pictum）
			36.红砂+珍珠柴荒漠（Form. Reaumuria songarica+Caroxylon passerinum）
			37.红砂+盐爪爪荒漠（Form. Reaumuria songarica+Kalidium foliatum）
			38.红砂+泡泡刺荒漠（Form. Reaumuria songarica+Nitraria sphaerocarpa）
			39.红砂+合头藜荒漠（Form. Reaumuria songarica+Sympegma regelii）
沼泽与水生植被	Ⅵ草本与苔藓沼泽	（七）草本沼泽	40.芦苇沼泽（Form. Phragmites australis）

Tab. 1

Fig. 2

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Quantative characteristics of typical plant communities in Shiyang River Basin"

编号	植物群落类型	优势种	种群密株/hm²	种群高度/cm	种群冠幅/cm²	种群盖度/%	种群重要值	群落盖度/%
1	柠条锦鸡儿-沙生针茅群落	柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）沙生针茅（Stipa caucasica）	840.0±56.3	150.0±6.7	25553.3±2122.6	14.6±0.9	0.48±0.03	29.8±1.8
	柠条锦鸡儿-沙生针茅群落	柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）沙生针茅（Stipa caucasica）	10000.0±927.6	24.0±1.7	1438.9±124.3	14.4±1.2	0.38±0.07
2	白刺群落	白刺（Nitraria tangutorumi）	260.0±11.8	68.9±4.8	174383.4±15428.6	12.0±0.8	0.69±0.06	12.5±1.1
3	黑果枸杞群落	黑果枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum）	12233.3±489.4	20.5±2.1	638.1±42.1	2.9±0.1	0.77±0.12	3.4±0.3
	黑果枸杞群落	尖叶盐爪爪（Kalidium cuspidatum）	1400.0±98.6	18.5±1.7	561.9±43.8	0.4±0.1	0.19±0.06
4	内蒙古旱蒿群落	内蒙古旱蒿（Artemisia xerophytica）	25266.7±212.3	18.3±1.7	605.1±51.2	6.8±0.7	0.63±0.08	7.0±0.2
5	膜果麻黄+沙拐枣群落	膜果麻黄（Ephedra przewalski）	840.0±42.6	46.7±2.4	14747.5±1377.6	4.5±0.3	0.29±0.11	8.0±0.3
	膜果麻黄+沙拐枣群落	沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）	460.0±22.3	30.4±3.1	1281.8±124.6	2.2±0.2	0.21±0.08
6	（霸王）-沙生针茅群落	霸王（Zygophyllum xanthoxylum）	1133.3±89.6	50.4±3.4	6332.1±421.4	0.6±0.1	0.17±0.04	9.0±0.4
	（霸王）-沙生针茅群落	沙生针茅（Stipa caucasica）	73000.0±1569.8	4.8±0.2	77.2±6.1	6.2±0.4	0.47±0.06
7	白刺+梭梭群落	白刺（Nitraria tangutorumi）	1000.0±67.5	68.8±3.7	24664.8±1788.6	7.7±0.5	0.41±0.08	9.1±0.4
	白刺+梭梭群落	梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）	220.0±11.2	105.7±8.6	12409.5±1124.2	1.4±0.4	0.23±0.07
8	沙木蓼群落	沙木蓼（Atraphaxis bracteata）	27300.0±1493.4	64.4±4.7	2356.1±136.7	9.8±0.7	0.55±0.09	10.3±1.0
9	（猫头刺）-沙生针茅群落	猫头刺（Oxytropis aciphylla）	17066.7±1394.8	11.4±1.1	321.5±18.4	1.0±0.4	0.24±0.11	5.0±0.2
	（猫头刺）-沙生针茅群落	沙生针茅（Stipa caucasica）	40000.0±2366.7	8.5±0.7	61.2±4.6	2.8±0.3	0.41±0.12
10	泡泡刺+白刺群落	泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarpa）	1850.0±112.4	24.6±1.1	6835.9±482.4	8.2±0.4	0.43±0.11	12.3±0.7
	泡泡刺+白刺群落	白刺（Nitraria tangutorumi）	166.7±12.7	24.6±1.3	14378.2±1137.4	1.2±0.3	0.17±0.06
11	驼绒藜-戈壁针茅群落	驼绒藜（Krascheninnikovia ceratoides）	4100.0±223.4	39.5±2.3	3075.5±312.4	9.5±0.6	0.33±0.07	15.1±0.9
	驼绒藜-戈壁针茅群落	戈壁针茅（Stipa tianschanica）	26666.7±1728.3	5.6±0.3	111.9±8.3	3.1±0.2	0.24±0.03
12	绵刺+珍珠柴群落	绵刺（Potaninia mongolica）	5120.0±431.4	17.3±1.2	1719.7±152.3	2.8±0.2	0.31±0.03	6.0±0.3
	绵刺+珍珠柴群落	珍珠柴（Caroxylon passerinum）	4480.0±328.6	16.7±1.5	766.7±43.5	1.7±0.4	0.26±0.07
13	红砂+刺旋花-中亚细柄茅群落	红砂（Reaumuria songarica）	22260.0±1782.4	28.3±2.1	1886.1±144.7	23.9±1.1	0.34±0.06	31.6±1.6
		刺旋花（Convolvulus tragacanthoides）	2150.0±177.2	13.7±1.1	1244.2±89.6	3.6±0.2	0.10±0.02
		中亚细柄茅（Ptilagrostis pelliotii）	42500.0±2367.4	34.8±1.8	1007.7±67.4	2.1±0.2	0.13±0.03
14	珍珠柴+泡泡刺+尖叶盐爪爪群落	珍珠柴（Caroxylon passerinum）	7733.3±423.4	18.9±2.0	799.5±66.2	2.6±0.2	0.32±0.04	5.0±0.2
		泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarpa）	2533.3±211.3	17.0±1.6	1169.3±68.9	1.3±0.1	0.15±0.06
		尖叶盐爪爪（Kalidium cuspidatum）	1600.0±197.4	16.2±0.9	1087.3±82.4	0.8±0.1	0.11±0.02
15	合头藜群落	合头藜（Sympegma regelii）	20000.0±1760.4	23.3±1.2	392.5±26.3	7.9±0.6	0.58±0.03	8.9±0.7
16	（鹰爪柴）-骆驼蒿+沙生针茅群落	鹰爪柴（Convolvulus gortschakovii）	21933.3±1781.4	10.6±1.2	273.9±16.7	0.7±0.1	0.10±0.02	12.2±0.6
		骆驼蒿（Peganum nigellastrum）	30333.3±2444.5	6.3±0.6	12.1±0.8	3.7±0.3	0.27±0.12
		沙生针茅（Stipa caucasica）	13333.3±986.3	6.2±0.3	36.7±1.8	4.0±0.3	0.18±0.03
17	盐爪爪群落	盐爪爪（Kalidium foliatum）	8300.0±678.4	27.7±1.4	2694.7±134.6	21.6±1.1	0.86±0.04	21.8±1.7
18	短叶假木贼+红砂群落	短叶假木贼（Anabasis brevifolia）	42033.3±3421.4	6.0±0.9	1046.0±45.6	0.7±0.2	0.45±0.03	3.2±0.2
	短叶假木贼+红砂群落	红砂（Reaumuria songarica）	1866.7±142.6	16.7±1.1	35385.5±2449.6	0.6±0.1	0.31±0.06
19	中亚紫菀木群落	中亚紫菀木（Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus）	25500.0±2114.9	30.5±1.9	44217.4±2887.6	17.4±1.2	0.73±0.07	47.2±2.7
20	沙蒿+黑沙蒿群落	沙蒿（Artemisia desertorum）	3040.0±265.7	53.9±3.8	4865.1±366.7	1.5±0.2	0.33±0.08	6.4±0.3
	沙蒿+黑沙蒿群落	黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）	2320.0±178.6	45.5±2.8	2102.0±168.9	1.4±0.3	0.26±0.04
21	黑沙蒿群落	黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）	4400.0±361.4	68.0±4.7	566.9±42.2	21.3±1.7	0.80±0.03	21.4±1.7
22	红砂+珍珠柴群落	红砂（Reaumuria songarica）	6666.7±488.3	16.2±1.3	1046.0±76.4	0.6±0.1	0.31±0.07	5.0±0.3
	红砂+珍珠柴群落	珍珠柴（Caroxylon passerinum）	6233.3±271.4	13.3±1.1	35385.5±2356.6	0.6±0.1	0.23±0.08
23	红砂+泡泡刺群落	泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarpa）	1333.3±56.9	22.1±1.6	5779.6±374.8	2.8±0.3	0.30±0.04	7.1±0.4
	红砂+泡泡刺群落	红砂（Reaumuria songarica）	1333.3±47.8	25.4±1.4	2490.5±198.6	2.3±0.4	0.29±0.06
24	黑沙蒿-芦苇群落	黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）	2480.0±137.6	62.5±2.3	9115.7±121.4	14.7±0.5	0.30±0.07	34.5±2.1
	黑沙蒿-芦苇群落	芦苇（Phragmites australis）	15000.0±1369.4	49.5±2.4	294.4±13.6	13.8±0.6	0.25±0.06
25	（黑沙蒿）-蒙古韭群落	黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）	3520.0±264.5	47.1±2.1	5305.6±239.7	6.6±0.3	0.19±0.04	27.7±2.6
	（黑沙蒿）-蒙古韭群落	蒙古韭（Allium mongolicum）	92000.0±6754.3	23.7±2.2	251.9±14.9	17.3±1.7	0.32±0.03

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

Species diversity index of typical plant communities in the desert area of Shiyang River Basin"

编号	植物群落类型	物种丰富度	Simpson多样性指数	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数	种间相遇率	Pielou均匀度	群落生态优势度
1	柠条锦鸡儿-沙生针茅群落（Caragana korshinskii-Stipa caucasica）	5.8±0.6	0.29±0.09	0.55±0.12	0.29±0.07	0.34±0.07	0.71±0.06
2	白刺群落（Nitraria tangutorumi）	2.7±0.1	0.23±0.07	0.39±0.22	0.25±0.03	0.57±0.08	0.77±0.05
3	黑果枸杞群落（Lycium ruthenicum-Kalidium cuspidatum）	4.6±0.3	0.22±0.04	0.44±0.18	0.22±0.02	0.32±0.09	0.78±0.04
4	内蒙古旱蒿群落（Artemisia xerophytica）	5.3±0.4	0.74±0.11	1.41±0.22	0.74±0.12	0.88±0.17	0.26±0.04
5	膜果麻黄+沙拐枣群落（Ephedra przewalski+Calligonum mongolicum）	8.4±0.6	0.58±0.21	1.03±0.19	0.58±0.13	0.50±0.12	0.42±0.07
6	（霸王）-沙生针茅群落（（Zygophyllum xanthoxylum）-Stipa caucasica）	6.2±0.5	0.39±0.07	0.85±0.17	0.40±0.14	0.47±0.03	0.61±0.07
7	白刺+梭梭群落（Nitraria tangutorumi+Haloxylon ammodendron）	6.5±0.3	0.21±0.03	0.46±0.09	0.22±0.07	0.26±0.07	0.79±0.06
8	沙木蓼群落（Atraphaxis bracteata）	9.7±0.4	0.69±0.07	1.40±0.30	0.69±0.04	0.64±0.12	0.31±0.07
9	猫头刺-沙生针茅群落（Oxytropis aciphylla-Stipa caucasica）	4.3±0.2	0.47±0.13	0.78±0.10	0.47±0.12	0.57±0.04	0.53±0.03
10	泡泡刺+白刺群落（Nitraria sphaerocarpa+Nitraria tangutorumi）	9.2±0.7	0.44±0.18	0.99±0.20	0.44±0.09	0.45±0.08	0.56±0.02
11	驼绒藜-戈壁针茅群落（Krascheninnikovia ceratoides-Stipa tianschanica）	7.2±0.4	0.56±0.12	1.10±0.24	0.56±0.11	0.56±0.06	0.44±0.08
12	绵刺+珍珠柴群落（Potaninia mongolica+Caroxylon passerinum）	5.2±0.2	0.71±0.14	1.38±0.31	0.72±0.12	0.86±0.07	0.29±0.08
13	红砂+刺旋花-中亚细柄茅群落（Reaumuria songarica+Convolvulus tragacanthoides-Ptilagrostis pelliotii）	10.1±1.0	0.79±0.22	1.71±0.22	0.79±0.11	0.74±0.08	0.21±0.03
14	珍珠柴+泡泡刺+尖叶盐爪爪群落（Caroxylon passerinum+Nitraria sphaerocarpa+Kalidium cuspidatum）	14.5±1.2	0.81±0.07	1.95±0.24	0.81±0.14	0.74±0.11	0.19±0.03
15	合头藜群落（Sympegma regelii）	2.6±0.2	0.24±0.08	0.41±0.17	0.25±0.07	0.59±0.09	0.76±0.11
16	（鹰爪柴）-骆驼蒿+沙生针茅群落（Convolvulus gortschakovii）-Peganum nigellastrum+Stipa caucasica）	11.3±1.8	0.71± 0.07	1.62±0.09	0.71±0.06	0.68±0.06	0.29±0.02
17	盐爪爪群落（Kalidium foliatum）	2.1±0.2	0.21±0.11	0.36±0.07	0.21±0.03	0.52±0.14	0.79±0.04
18	短叶假木贼+红砂群落（Anabasis brevifolia+Reaumuria songarica）	8.2±0.8	0.76±0.14	1.61±0.16	0.76±0.11	0.77±0.12	0.24±0.04
19	中亚紫菀木群落（Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus）	12.7±1.1	0.73±0.14	1.66±0.19	0.73±0.06	0.67±0.19	0.27±0.06
20	沙蒿+黑沙蒿群落（Artemisia desertorum+Artemisia ordosica）	4.3±0.4	0.63±0.07	1.14±0.22	0.63±0.09	0.82±0.11	0.37±0.08
21	黑沙蒿群落（Artemisia ordosica）	2.6±0.2	0.42±0.06	0.62±0.13	0.43±0.12	0.89±0.09	0.58±0.07
22	红砂+珍珠柴群落（Reaumuria songarica+Caroxylon passerinum）	13.1±1.9	0.62±0.03	1.25±0.11	0.62±0.09	0.49±0.14	0.38±0.03
23	红砂+泡泡刺群落（Reaumuria songarica+Nitraria sphaerocarpa）	16.3±1.2	0.87±0.02	2.23±0.37	0.87±0.22	0.81±0.07	0.13±0.02
24	黑沙蒿-芦苇群落（Artemisia ordosica-Phragmites australis）	6.4±0.8	0.81±0.04	1.69±0.21	0.78±0.21	0.94±0.05	0.19±0.02
25	（黑沙蒿）-蒙古韭群落（（Artemisia ordosica）-Allium mongolicum）	8.2±1.1	0.63±0.06	1.26±0.21	0.63±0.17	0.61±0.04	0.37±0.05

Tab. 4

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生活型	木本		半木本		草本
生活型	乔木	灌木	半灌木	小半灌木	多年生草本	一年生草本	寄生草本	水生草本
科数	5	20	6	5	33	23	4	8
百分比/%	8.77	35.09	10.53	8.77	57.89	40.35	7.02	14.04
属数	6	27	17	9	116	88	4	10
百分比/%	2.35	10.59	6.67	3.53	45.49	34.51	1.57	3.92
种数	7	57	23	12	241	123	9	14
百分比/%	1.44	11.73	4.73	2.47	49.59	25.31	1.85	2.88

Vegetation types, distribution and quantitative characteristics in the desert area of Shiyang River Basin

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