2012—2019年黄河流域煤炭矿区对重要生态保护空间胁迫的时空格局分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.308

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黄河流域是中国重要的能源安全支撑区,也是保障国土生态安全的关键区域,煤炭资源开发与生态保护的协调发展对于统筹流域能源安全与生态安全具有重要现实意义。在识别黄河流域重要生态保护空间的基础上,提出空间胁迫指数概念,以矿区和50 m×50 m栅格为基础分析单元,解析黄河流域煤炭矿区对重要生态保护空间的胁迫现状及2012—2019年胁迫指数变化的时空格局,以期为黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供决策参考。结果表明：（1）煤炭矿区对黄河流域重要生态保护空间的胁迫程度总体较低,2019年空间胁迫指数仅为1.01%,但2012—2019年呈小幅上升趋势,面临胁迫的生态环境因子以土壤保持、防风固沙功能区和土壤侵蚀、沙漠化敏感区为主。（2）煤炭矿区对重要生态保护空间的胁迫指数呈现较明显的空间分异特征,2019年胁迫程度较高的地区主要分布在黄土高原和鲁西地区,河南、秦岭一带、青海、宁夏南部以及内蒙古（除鄂尔多斯和乌海）胁迫程度总体较轻。（3）流域整体空间胁迫指数的上升主要是由局部地区煤炭矿区与重要生态保护空间重叠面积的较快增加造成的,大部分地市胁迫程度下降,其中8个地市煤炭矿区全部退出了重要生态保护空间。

关键词: 煤炭矿区, 空间胁迫指数, 重要生态保护空间, 黄河流域

Abstract:

The Yellow River Basin is an important region for the energy supply of China and key for national ecological security. Coordination of coal resource development and ecological protection is essential to ensure energy and ecological security. Scholars in the fields of resources, environment, geology, and minerals have conducted several studies on the development of the coal industry and ecological environment in the Yellow River Basin. However, there is a lack of analysis on the coordinated development and change in coal resource development and ecological protection from the spatial stress perspective. Based on the key ecological protection area identification in the Yellow River Basin, the concept of spatial stress index was introduced. The mining sites and 50 m×50 m grid were taken as the basic unit of stress status analysis for the coal mine sites inside the key ecological protection areas in the Yellow River Basin. The space-time pattern of stress index development from 2012 to 2019 was analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) The stress degree of coal mining sites on the important ecological protection space of the Yellow River Basin is low, but the spatial differentiation characteristics are obvious. In 2019, the overall spatial stress index of the basin was only 1.01%, but it showed a slight upward trend from 2012 to 2019. The areas with a high-stress degree are mainly distributed in the Loess Plateau and western Shandong. However, the stress index in Henan, Qinling area, Qinghai, southern Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia (except Ordos and Wuhai) is relatively low. (2) The major ecological environment factors under stress include soil conservation, wind prevention, sand fixation function areas, soil erosion, and desertification sensitive areas. The stress degree of important soil conservation functional and soil erosion sensitive areas is the highest, followed by important wind prevention, sand fixation functional areas, and desertification sensitive areas. The stress from 2012 to 2019 is further enhanced. Important water conservation, biodiversity maintenance, protection functional areas, and salinization sensitive areas are less stressed. Almost all coal mining sites withdrew from important water conservation and biodiversity maintenance and protection functional areas in 2019. (3) The overall stress index rise across the Yellow River Basin is mainly caused by the rapid increase in overlapping between coal mine sites and key ecological protection areas. In most cities, the stress index drops, mainly distributed in southern Qinghai, Gansu, western Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, western Henan, southern Henan, Shandong, and Qinling areas. Coal mining is completely withdrawn from the key ecological protection areas in eight cities. More cities have considered the important ecological protection space in the region when withdrawing or increasing coal mining sites.

Key words: coal mining sites, spatial stress index, key ecological protection area, Yellow River Basin

张玉韩,周璞,赵玉. 2012—2019年黄河流域煤炭矿区对重要生态保护空间胁迫的时空格局分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(2): 413-422.

ZHANG Yuhan,ZHOU Pu,ZHAO Yu. Temporal and spatial pattern of coal mining sites’ stress on key ecological protection areas in the Yellow River Basin from 2012 to 2019[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(2): 413-422.

图/表 6

表1

图1

图2

图3

表2

黄河流域各地市煤炭矿区与重要生态保护空间的重叠面积及胁迫指数变化"

地市	2019年重叠面积/km²	2012—2019年重叠面积变化/km²	2012—2019年胁迫指数变化/%	地市	2019年重叠面积/km²	2012—2019年重叠面积变化/km²	2012—2019年胁迫指数变化/%
铜川	12.4	-68.0	-6.7270	聊城	11.9	-0.5	-0.0062
太原	205.3	-118.3	-5.2698	甘南	0.0	-1.2	-0.0044
阳泉	145.3	-22.1	-3.6483	运城	2.1	-0.1	-0.0013
淄博	43.7	-106.0	-3.0842	德州	96.9	-0.1	-0.0007
济宁	1011.8	-85.5	-1.8067	果洛	0.0	-0.3	-0.0004
济南	124.5	-82.6	-1.4097	驻马店	27.7	-0.1	-0.0002
渭南	131.5	-28.6	-1.0630	玉树	0.0	-0.3	-0.0001
石嘴山	41.0	-42.0	-1.0326	固原	3.7	0.0	0.0000
安康	0.0	-219.2	-0.9783	临沂	4.1	0.0	0.0000
乌海	192.7	-15.9	-0.9401	长治	33.1	0.0	0.0000
泰安	164.3	-35.2	-0.9391	安阳	0.0	0.0	0.0000
大同	764.8	-98.2	-0.8417	鹤壁	0.0	0.0	0.0000
临汾	160.7	-54.0	-0.7273	焦作	0.0	0.0	0.0000
晋中	187.2	-8.7	-0.6109	晋城	0.0	0.0	0.0000
忻州	372.5	-59.8	-0.3722	平顶山	0.0	0.0	0.0000
白银	33.0	-27.4	-0.3203	商丘	0.0	0.0	0.0000
烟台	44.7	-11.2	-0.3035	新乡	0.0	0.0	0.0000
金昌	0.1	-17.3	-0.2539	许昌	0.0	0.0	0.0000
张掖	52.8	-95.5	-0.2539	枣庄	0.0	0.0	0.0000
兰州	15.2	-16.9	-0.2285	郑州	0.0	0.0	0.0000
三门峡	11.9	-3.8	-0.2156	济源	0.0	0.0	0.0000
洛阳	0.0	-1.9	-0.2114	呼和浩特	9.4	0.0	0.0000
汉中	23.8	-47.2	-0.1845	海西	75.2	54.1	0.0197
中卫	2.8	-10.9	-0.1502	莱芜	4.1	0.6	0.1353
潍坊	3.1	-9.6	-0.1142	延安	619.0	35.0	0.1475
武威	87.7	-27.1	-0.0861	平凉	121.9	16.4	0.2382
陇南	1.3	-18.5	-0.0735	朔州	706.2	62.2	0.5943
包头	8.1	-12.8	-0.0508	吴忠	216.4	103.1	0.7220
海北	31.0	-14.3	-0.0418	吕梁	997.7	78.8	0.7986
西宁	0.0	-0.6	-0.0295	银川	364.7	64.7	0.8629
商洛	0.0	-4.3	-0.0232	宝鸡	122.0	87.3	0.9278
酒泉	5.4	-19.8	-0.0198	鄂尔多斯	4318.9	813.7	0.9519
庆阳	108.2	-3.0	-0.0165	菏泽	159.0	22.9	1.2762
巴彦淖尔	26.7	-8.5	-0.0156	榆林	4779.5	2165.5	5.2897
阿拉善	51.7	-25.9	-0.0129	咸阳	269.0	196.9	19.5448
信阳	0.0	-0.8	-0.0107

表2

表3

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重要生态保护空间	2012年重叠面积/km²	2012年空间胁迫指数/%	2019年重叠面积/km²	2019年空间胁迫指数/%
重要生态保护空间	14730	0.88	17008	1.01
重要土壤保持功能区	4052	1.90	4272	2.00
重要水源涵养功能区	484	0.11	115	0.03
重要生物多样性维持与保护功能区	316	0.06	68	0.01
重要防风固沙功能区	10835	1.54	13443	1.91
沙漠化敏感区	6114	1.12	8073	1.47
盐渍化敏感区	584	0.18	566	0.18
土壤侵蚀敏感区	4027	1.88	4247	1.99
酸雨敏感区	372	0.55	303	0.45

胁迫指数变化	类型	地市
胁迫指数降低	煤炭矿区退出优先考虑了重要生态保护空间	山西太原、阳泉、大同,内蒙古乌海、巴彦淖尔、阿拉善盟,山东济南、淄博、泰安、聊城、德州,河南洛阳、信阳,陕西铜川、渭南、安康、汉中、商洛,宁夏石嘴山、中卫,甘肃兰州、白银、金昌、张掖、酒泉、庆阳、甘南、武威、陇南,青海西宁、海北、果洛、玉树
胁迫指数降低	煤炭矿区退出未优先考虑重要生态保护空间	山西临汾、晋中、忻州、运城,内蒙古包头,山东济宁、烟台、潍坊,河南三门峡、驻马店
胁迫指数不变	煤炭矿区增加考虑了对重要生态保护空间的避让	山西长治、晋城
胁迫指数不变	煤炭矿区退出未考虑重要生态保护空间	山东临沂,宁夏固原
胁迫指数升高	煤炭矿区增加优先考虑了对重要生态保护空间的避让	山东菏泽,陕西延安、咸阳、宝鸡
胁迫指数升高	煤炭矿区增加未优先考虑对重要生态保护空间的避让	山西朔州,内蒙古鄂尔多斯,山东莱芜,陕西榆林,甘肃平凉,青海海西,宁夏银川