渭河流域生境质量时空演变及其地形梯度效应与影响因素

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.345

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生境质量是关乎人类福祉和区域可持续发展的重要基础，对保护生物多样性、提升生态系统服务功能以及构建区域生态安全格局具有重要意义。基于2000—2020年3期土地利用数据，综合应用InVEST模型、地形位指数、地理探测器及空间统计分析等方法，对渭河流域生境质量空间分布特征及其地形梯度效应与影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明：（1） 2000—2020年渭河流域生境质量指数呈逐年增加态势，由0.607增长至0.624，增长幅度为2.463%，空间上呈现出两极化分布格局，低等和高等生境质量面积持续增加，而中等和良好生境质量面积有所下降。（2）渭河流域生境质量空间分布受地形因素影响较大，具有显著的地形梯度效应，低等生境质量在低地形梯度上分布广泛，分布指数最高，而高等生境质量在高地形梯度上占据主导优势。（3）土地利用类型是渭河流域生境质量空间分异的主要影响因素，且任意2个因子对生境质量空间分异的交互作用均大于单个驱动因子的作用，土地利用类型与降雨量、气温、海拔、归一化植被指数的交互决定力均大于0.6。研究结果可为渭河流域可持续发展以及生态保护与高质量发展提供科学的理论支撑与决策支持。

关键词: 生境质量, InVEST模型, 地形梯度效应, 影响因素, 地理探测器, 渭河流域

Abstract:

Habitat quality is an important basis for human well-being and regional sustainable development and has important practical significance for protecting regional biodiversity, improving regional ecosystem services, and building regional ecological security patterns. Based on the three-phase land use raster data from 2000, 2010, and 2020, this study comprehensively applied the InVEST model, topographic position index, distribution index, geographic detector, and spatial statistical analysis methods to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and spatial distribution of habitat quality in the Weihe River Basin in China. The pattern and its topographic gradient effects and influencing factors were comprehensively analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the habitat quality index of the Weihe River Basin exhibited a yearly increasing trend. The habitat quality index increased from 0.607 to 0.624, and the growth rate was 2.463%. It showed a polarized distribution pattern in space. The area of low habitat quality and high habitat quality continued to increase, whereas the area of medium and good habitat quality decreased. (2) The spatial distribution pattern of habitat quality in the Weihe River Basin was significantly affected by topographic factors, with a significant topographic gradient effect. It is extensively distributed on the topographic gradient, and its distribution index is the highest, whereas high habitat quality occupies a dominant position on the high topographic gradient. (3) From the perspective of different influencing factors, the land use type is the main reason for the spatial differentiation pattern of habitat quality in the Weihe River Basin. Influencing factors and the interaction of any two factors on the spatial differentiation of habitat quality have a greater impact than the independent effect of a single driving factor. Among them, the interactive determinants of land use type and natural factors such as rainfall, temperature, altitude, and normalized vegetation index are >0.6. The research results can provide scientific theoretical and decision support for the sustainable development of the Weihe River Basin, as well as ecological protection and high-quality development.

Key words: habitat quality, InVEST model, terrain gradient effect, influencing factors, geographic detector, Weihe River Basin

程静,王鹏,陈红翔,韩永贵. 渭河流域生境质量时空演变及其地形梯度效应与影响因素[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(3): 481-491.

CHENG Jing,WANG Peng,CHEN Hongxiang,HAN Yonggui. Spatiotemporal evolution of habitat quality in the Weihe River Basin and its topographic gradient effects and influencing factors[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(3): 481-491.

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威胁因子	最大胁迫距离/km	权重	空间衰退类型
城镇用地	10	1.0	指数
农村居民点	8	0.6	指数
其他建设用地	9	0.7	指数
耕地	4	0.6	线性
未利用地	6	0.5	线性

土地利用类型	生境适宜度	胁迫因子敏感度
土地利用类型	生境适宜度	城镇用地	农村居民点	其他建设用地	耕地	未利用地
耕地	0.3	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.0	0.4
林地	1.0	0.8	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.2
草地	0.9	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.8	0.6
水域	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.4
建设用地	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1
未利用地	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.0

驱动因子	分级方法	级别	级别说明
归一化植被指数（NDVI）	郭帅^[26]	1~6	1：≤0.2；2：0.2~0.3；3：0.3~0.4；4：0.4~0.5；5：0.5~0.6；6：>0.6
坡度（SL）/(°)	NaturalBreaks	1~6	1：0~5；2：6~10；3：11~15；4：16~20；5：21~25；6：>25
海拔（EL）/m	NaturalBreaks	1~6	通过ArcGIS 10.2的Arc Toolbox/Spatial Analyst Tools/Reclass工具提取
气温（TEM）/℃	NaturalBreaks	1~5	通过ArcGIS 10.2的Arc Toolbox/Spatial Analyst Tools/Reclass工具提取
降水（PRE）/mm	NaturalBreaks	1~5	通过ArcGIS 10.2的Arc Toolbox/Spatial Analyst Tools/Reclass工具提取
土地利用类型（LUT）	程静^[27]	1~6	通过ArcGIS 10.2的Arc Toolbox/Spatial Analyst Tools/Reclass工具提取
土地利用程度（LUD）	NaturalBreaks	1~5	通过ArcGIS 10.2的Arc Toolbox/Spatial Analyst Tools/Reclass工具提取
人口密度（POP）/人·km^-2	葛美玲^[28]	1~5	1：0~60；2：61~150；3：151~300；4：301~500；5：>500
地区生产总值（GDP）/元	NaturalBreaks	1~5	通过ArcGIS 10.2的Arc Toolbox/Spatial Analyst Tools/Reclass工具提取

生境质量等级	2000年		2010年		2020年
生境质量等级	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%
低等	3879.74	2.89	4660.38	3.47	5388.63	4.02
中等	58799.54	43.81	55990.10	41.72	54379.37	40.52
良好	2838.23	2.12	2483.82	1.85	2460.84	1.83
高等	68688.38	51.18	71071.59	52.96	71977.05	53.63
生境质量平均值	0.607		0.619		0.624

类型	2000—2010年		2010—2020年
类型	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%
快速退化型	348.07	0.26	994.03	0.74
缓慢退化型	2581.92	1.92	7207.75	5.37
稳定型	127360.19	94.89	117630.79	87.65
缓慢改善型	3221.43	2.41	7415.45	5.53
快速改善型	694.28	0.52	957.87	0.71