玛纳斯河流域水化学时空分异特征及成因解析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.358

Abstract

Abstract:

The periodic differentiation of chemical characteristics in surface and groundwater can reveal the extent of the interaction between natural conditions and human disturbance in arid agricultural regions, thus offering insights into the dynamics of water system evolution. To investigate the spatiotemporal coupling and differentiation of water chemistry in the Manas River Basin, we collected 184 surface and groundwater samples in April (pre-irrigation), July (mid-irrigation), and October (post-irrigation) of 2024. We employed Piper diagrams, Gibbs diagrams, and reverse geochemical modeling to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal interactions and driving factors of water chemistry across four geological units: The low-latitude mountainous area, piedmont plain area, artificial oasis area, and desert transition zone throughout the irrigation cycle. The results show that (1) Water chemistry types display a gradient spatial differentiation pattern, transitioning from the HCO₃-Ca·Mg type in the low-latitude mountainous area to the Cl·SO₄-Na type in the desert transition zone. Irrigation activities drive the artificial oasis and desert transition zones through three stages of salinization, evolving from the HCO₃-Ca type in the pre-irrigation period to the high-salinity Cl·SO₄-Na type in the post-irrigation period, following a temporal differentiation pattern. (2) In the low-latitude mountainous and piedmont plain areas, water chemistry is primarily influenced by water-rock interactions. By contrast, the artificial oasis area and desert transition zone are affected by both evaporation and crystallization processes, as well as human activities, which intensify during the mid- and post-irrigation periods. Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ primarily originate from rock salt dissolution and cation exchange, whereas Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and HCO₃⁻ mainly derive from dolomite and calcite dissolution, with SO₄²⁻ primarily coming from gypsum dissolution. (3) Water-rock interactions are largely driven by dolomite and calcite dissolution and cation exchange, with minimal contributions from rock salt and gypsum, exhibiting distinct temporal differentiation characteristics. Through a comprehensive analysis of water chemistry differentiation and its controlling factors across multiple spatiotemporal scales, this study provides a scientific foundation for the sustainable management of surface and groundwater systems and for the prevention and control of salinization in arid regions.

Key words: water chemical evolution, irrigation-driven, spatiotemporal differentiation, Manas River Basin

LI Yong, ZHANG Fuchu, HE Xinlin, LI Xiaolong, SONG Weihao. Spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics and formation mechanisms of hydrochemistry in the Manas River Basin[J].Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(6): 1108-1121.

Figures/Tables 15

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References 31

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项目		K⁺/mg·L^-1	Ca²⁺/mg·L^-1	Mg²⁺/mg·L^-1	Na⁺/mg·L^-1	Cl^-/mg·L^-1	SO₄^2-/mg·L^-1	HCO₃^-/mg·L^-1	NO₃^-/mg·L^-1	pH	TDS/mg·L^-1
最小值	地下水	0.57	3.88	0.49	2.17	0.52	0.00	69.72	0.00	7.59	102.00
最小值	地表水	0.13	17.23	0.81	3.16	0.08	14.80	47.22	0.00	6.82	87.00
最大值	地下水	5.73	113.68	48.68	357.86	1255.05	1590.56	477.17	30.15	9.17	2170.00
最大值	地表水	6.95	70.43	31.52	122.13	284.87	396.69	278.78	67.17	8.42	700.00
平均值	地下水	2.17	23.27	9.59	54.40	121.99	130.66	243.53	4.41	8.25	543.27
平均值	地表水	2.46	32.28	9.91	23.61	25.20	90.26	141.28	4.65	7.88	238.83
标准差	地下水	0.96	20.39	11.06	64.54	226.91	221.77	121.69	6.22	0.35	326.14
标准差	地表水	1.49	10.60	5.58	17.65	38.76	61.02	48.62	8.96	0.26	120.17
变异系数	地下水	0.44	0.88	1.15	1.19	1.86	1.70	0.50	1.41	0.04	0.60
变异系数	地表水	0.61	0.33	0.56	0.75	1.54	0.68	0.34	1.93	0.03	0.50

地貌单元			LLMR	PPR	AOZ	DTB
补给形式			脱节	地下水补给地表水	上游：地表水补给地下水下游：地下水补给地表水	地下水补给地表水
水化学类型	前期	地表水	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca、混合型	Cl-Na、混合型
	前期	地下水	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca	Cl-Na、HCO₃-Ca、混合型	Cl-Na、混合型
	中期	地表水	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca	混合型、HCO₃-Ca	混合型、Cl-Na、HCO₃-Ca
	中期	地下水	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca、Cl-Ca、混合型	混合型、Cl-Na、HCO₃-Ca	混合型、Cl-Na
	后期	地表水	HCO₃-Ca、Cl-Ca	HCO₃-Ca、混合型	Cl·SO₄-Na	Cl·SO₄-Na
	后期	地下水	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca、混合型	Cl·SO₄-Ca·Na	Cl·SO₄-Na

矿物项/mmol·L^-1	反向模拟路径
矿物项/mmol·L^-1	LLMR	PPR	AOZ	DTB
方解石	1.832×10	1.832×10	1.665×10²	-
白云石	1.860×10	2.775×10	1.110×10²	2.775×10
石膏	1.048×10^-4	3.686×10^-4	4.859×10^-3	7.549×10^-3
钠长石	-3.719×10	-3.719×10	-3.719×10	-3.719×10
钙长石	-4.607×10	-4.607×10	-4.607×10	-4.607×10
Ca-蒙脱石	5.551×10	5.551×10	5.551×10	5.551×10
岩盐	1.458×10^-3	4.006×10^-4	8.585×10^-3	8.930×10^-3
CaX₂	9.372×10⁰	9.159×10⁰	9.242×10⁰	9.158×10⁰
MgX₂	-1.859×10	-2.775×10	-1.110×10	-2.775×10
NaX	3.719×10	3.719×10	3.719×10	3.719×10
CO₂	-5.550×10	-5.551×10	-5.551×10	-5.551×10

矿物项/mmol·L^-1	反向模拟路径
矿物项/mmol·L^-1	LLMR前期-中期	LLMR中期-后期	AOZ前期-中期	AOZ中期-后期
方解石	1.832×10	1.830×10	-	-
白云石	1.860×10	1.860×10^-4	2.776×10	2.776×10
石膏	8.184×10^-4	7.138×10^-4	4.545×10^-3	5.512×10^-4
钠长石	-3.719×10	-3.719×10	-3.719×10	-3.719×10
钙长石	-4.607×10	-4.607×10	-4.607×10	-4.607×10
Ca-蒙脱石	5.551×10	5.551×10	5.551×10	5.551×10
岩盐	1.096×10^-3	9.149×10^-4	1.303×10^-3	5.415×10^-3
CaX₂	-	-	9.158×10⁰	9.157×10⁰
MgX₂	-1.859×10	-1.860×10	-2.775×10	-2.775×10
NaX	3.719×10	3.719×10	3.719×10	3.719×10
CO₂	-5.550×10	-5.550×10	-5.551×10	-5.551×10

Spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics and formation mechanisms of hydrochemistry in the Manas River Basin

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