末次冰盛期以来塔里木盆地绿洲演化研究进展与问题

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.102

Abstract

Abstract:

Oases around the Tarim Basin (TB), northwestern China, as key stations of the “Silk Road” in the historic time and the modern Silk Road Economic Belt, have been critical areas for human production and living since ancient times. It is crucial to investigate the process and mechanism of the evolution of these oases in the TB to explore the relationship between oasis evolution and human activities. However, because of human activities and complex environmental changes, the oasis deposit sequences in the TB are fragmental and discontinuous. Thus, it is necessary to systematically integrate profiles with oasis sediments to explore the completed oasis evolution process in the TB. In this study, we reviewed previous studies on oases in the TB and summarized the definitions of oasis and oasis deposits using the index system to better clarify these sediments. Twenty-four publications on oasis and fluvial-lacustrine deposit sections in the basin since 28 ka were selected, including 232 oasis and 120 fluvial-lacustrine deposit dating results. We used the probability density function (PDF) to analyze oasis and fluvial-lacustrine deposit development dates. The results show that there is a good temporal consistency between the two deposits in the entire basin, suggesting that the development of oases is closely related to hydrologic processes in the TB. Then, the PDF of oasis and fluvial-lacustrine deposits were compared with the temperature record from the Guliya ice core and humidity records from loess-paleosol sequences around the TB. The development of oasis and fluvial-lacustrine deposits are highly correlated with temperature changes before 6 ka and are associated with mountainous humidity after 6 ka. The results indicate that glacier meltwater is the main controlling factor of oasis development before 6 ka and that oasis flourishing after 6 ka is mainly due to mountain precipitation. Furthermore, comparing the PDF in different regions of the TB, oasis development is consistent in some periods and has regional differences. In the future, we should establish proxies representing the different stages of oasis development; large-scale sample collections and dating will be required to integrate the oasis evolution process in the TB region; the main control factors of oasis deposit evolution in different periods should be identified.

Key words: Last Glacial Maximum, oasis evolution, fluvial-lacustrine deposits, Tarim Basin

SUN Aijun, ZHAO Hui, LIU Bing, WANG Keqi, CHAO Qian, SHI Zhilin, CHEN Fahu. Oases evolution in Tarim Basin since the Last Glacial Maximum: Progress and issues[J].Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(6): 1761-1772.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Record documents of the oases evolution process since the Last Glacial Maximum in Tarim Basin"

文献序号	剖面及钻孔名称	位置	时间跨度	测年手段	绿洲沉积年代个数	表征积水沉积年代个数	参考文献
1	达玛沟剖面	策勒县城东约13 km	4 ka以来	¹⁴C	4	-	钟巍等^[22]
2	-	塔里木盆地南缘及腹地	23 ka以来	¹⁴C/TL/OSL	24	17	李保生等^[23]
3	Niya River	38°08′N，82°46′E	4 ka以来	¹⁴C	6	-	Zhong等^[24]
4	-	塔里木盆地南缘及北部	15 ka以来	¹⁴C	34	8	冯起等^[25]
5	塔格勒剖面	策勒县塔格勒	1 ka以来	¹⁴C	2	-	钟巍等^[26]
6	达玛沟剖面约特干遗址剖面	策勒县达玛沟和田市约特干遗址	13 ka以来	¹⁴C	7	-	文启忠等^[27]
7	-	和田-于田	14 ka以来	¹⁴C	7	1	Li等^[28]
8	-	克里雅河流域	28 ka以来	¹⁴C/OSL	34	31	Shu等^[29]
9	博斯腾湖二级湖滨阶地	41°56′N，86°40′E	12 ka以来	¹⁴C	6	2	钟巍等^[30]
10	克里雅河西北剖面	38°58′N，81°59′E	20 ka以来	¹⁴C	13	8	靳鹤龄等^[31]
11	-	克里雅河流域	2 ka以来	¹⁴C	5	-	Yang^[32]
12	圆沙古城	克里雅河尾闾	3 ka以来	¹⁴C/OSL	19	5	张峰等^[33]
13	-	塔里木河流域	3 ka以来	¹⁴C	8	5	秦作栋等^[34]
14	-	罗布泊地区	2 ka以来	¹⁴C	17	-	Lü等^[35]
15	YKD0301	40°12′N，90°17′E	28 ka以来	¹⁴C/OSL	21	-	Zhang等^[36]
16	L06-6	40°30′N，90°92′E	10 ka以来	¹⁴C	4	-	钟骏平等^[37]
17	L07-10	40°20′N，90°59′E	12 ka以来	¹⁴C	4	-	华玉山等^[38]
18	-	40°27′N，90°20′E	11 ka以来	¹⁴C	3	-	Ma等^[39]
19	ZKD0017	罗布泊地区	17 ka以来	¹⁴C	3	-	刘成林等^[40]
20	KY1、KY2、TK3、TK6	克里雅河流域	17 ka以来	¹⁴C	12	12	周兴佳等^[41]
21	-	克里雅河流域	3 ka以来	OSL	4	4	Yang等^[42]
22	-	38°42′~40°29′N81°55′~84°18′E	26 ka以来	¹⁴C	8	8	Elisabeth等^[43]
23	-	塔里木盆地腹地	21 ka以来	OSL	15	15	杨小平等^[44]
24	Pagoda section	楼兰古城	11 ka以来	OSL	4	4	Qin等^[45]

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

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划分标准	主要类型	典型特征
绿洲形成历史和废弃年代^[19]	古绿洲	是指历史上曾经存在过，由于自然条件的改变或人类活动影响而放弃，主要类型为沙漠腹地的遗址
	旧绿洲	开发历史悠久，至今还在利用的绿洲，多分布在山前冲积扇和冲积平原上段，属于农牧交错带，如和田、于田绿洲等
	新绿洲	一般指20世纪50年代后新开垦的绿洲，多分布在旧绿洲外围和边缘，是现在主要的农业区，如绿洲外围开垦的农田、果园等
绿洲所处的地貌部位^[20-21]	扇形地绿洲	位于河流出山后形成冲洪积扇中下部，一般距河流出山口不远，水土组合较好，是重要的农业基地，如和田绿洲等
	沿河绿洲	多位于水量较大河流的低阶地和河岸地带，一般呈长条状，地势平坦，引水方便，水土条件较好，宜于垦殖和村镇建设，如河流沿岸绿洲
	干三角洲绿洲	主要分布在较大河流的尾闾区，地势平坦，引水方便，但水源不稳定，受河流水量及河道变迁影响大，如现在克里亚河尾闾的达里雅博依绿洲
人类活动影响程度^[20-21]	自然绿洲	自然条件下形成的，人类活动对其无影响或影响微弱，以自然景观为主，生产力较低，如克里雅河沿岸的胡杨林
	人工绿洲	在人类的开发经营起着决定性的作用下形成的，原有的自然生态系统已发生彻底改变，生产力比天然绿洲高得多，如围绕塔里木盆地的主要城镇

沉积过程和沉积特征	主要沉积物类型
沉积物经历了水的搬运和沉积过程^[11,23,25]	冲洪积沙土、冰积泥砾、砾石层、泛滥沉积、湖相沉积、冰楔、冲积物
经历了一定的土壤化过程^[23]	亚黏土、绿洲土、腐殖土、粉砂质古土壤
有机质含量丰富或含植物残体^[11,22,24]	生草层、炭化层、弱碳化红柳叶层、枯枝落叶层、红柳残体层
含有水生软体化石^[23]	螺壳、水生蜗牛等

Oases evolution in Tarim Basin since the Last Glacial Maximum: Progress and issues

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