气候变化和人类活动对黄河上游十大孔兑水沙过程的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着气候的变化以及人类活动的加剧，世界上一些河流的径流和输沙量发生了明显的改变。查明流域的水沙特征、变化趋势及驱动因素是流域治理和管理中面临的重要问题。以黄河上游的十大孔兑为研究对象，利用1958-2015年的实测资料，采用线性趋势法、非参数Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对典型孔兑毛不拉、西柳沟、罕台川的年降雨、径流、泥沙、洪水过程进行了系统分析。结果表明：毛不拉和西柳沟年水沙序列下降趋势显著，罕台川下降趋势不显著，但近10 a比之前水沙明显减少；三个孔兑21世纪和20世纪观测到的2次洪水过程相比，产生洪水的降雨差别不大，但后一次洪峰流量和含沙量都显著降低；与1990年之前相比，1991-2015年各孔兑高强度降雨变化程度相对水沙变化不大。通过遥感影像解译，发现自20世纪90年代以来，随着退耕还林还草、封禁、休牧等水土保持工程陆续实施，十大孔兑土地利用变化显著，植被盖度明显增加，由此改变了该区域降雨-产流-产沙过程，引起1990年以后产水产沙的剧烈减少。

关键词: 径流, 输沙, 气候变化, 人类活动, 十大孔兑

Abstract: The sediment problems of the Yellow River have always been a hot topic in academia. The Yellow River has ten sediment-laden tributaries in Inner Mongolia, China, including Maobula, Buersetaigou, Heilaigou, Xiliugou, Hantaichuan, Haoqinghe, Hashenlachuan, Muhaerhe, Dongliugou and Husitaihe. This kind of tributary is called kongdui in Mongolian, meaning the flood ditch. They originate from the Ordos Plateau, flow through the Hobq Desert, and finally enter the Yellow River. Because of their special geographic environment, the ten kongduis are the principal sediment sources of the upper Yellow River, and their sediment output causes heavy sedimentation in the Inner-Mongolia reach. Like many tributaries on the Loess Plateau, which are the principal sediment sources of the Yellow River, the runoff and sediment load of the ten kongduis were reduced obviously in recent years. The changes in runoff and sediment load of the kongduis and their association with anthropogenic interference and climatic change should be studied for improving drainage basin management but have received less attention. In this paper, we applied simple linear regression, Mann-Kendall test method to systematically investigate the changes of annual precipitation, runoff, sediment load and flood processes of three kongduis(Maobula, Xiliugou and Hantaichuan) out of the ten tributaries using rainfall, hydrological and sediment data recorded in from 1958 to 2015. The results show that the annual runoff and sediment load of the Mabula and Xiliugou were declined significantly at the 95% confidence level, and those of the Hantaichuan had not a statistically significant declining trend but their means in the years after 2000 were noticeably lower than those before 2000. Besides, the water discharge and sediment concentration hydrographs of a flood in 2012(the recorded highest flood after 2000) were much lower than those of a flood in 1989(the recorded highest flood before 2000)although the difference between the rainfalls which produced the two floods was relatively small. The comparison of the mean annual runoff and the mean sediment load of the Maobula, Xiliugou and Hantaichuan from 1991 to 2015 with those in the period prior to 1990 showed a reduction of mean annual runoff in the range from 16.27% to 35.66% and a reduction of mean annual sediment load in the range from 60.85% to 76.67%. In contrast, the annual precipitation of the Xiliugou and Hantaichuan were increased by 9.52% and 3.00%, respectively, while the annual precipitation of the Maobula was decreased by 2.33% in the period from 1991 to 2015 than that in the period prior to 1990. Also, the variation of the high intensity rainfall for the kongduis was not significant. All these indicated that the main cause for the reduction of water discharge and sediment load of the tributaries is not the changes in precipitation, but the human activities. Since 1990s, lots of soil and water conservation practices have been carried out in the ten tributaries. In the period from 1989 to 2015, the barren land and farmland were decreased, the forest and grass land were increased, and the vegetation coverage was raised considerably. These changes in land use and vegetation coverage altered the process of precipitation-runoff-sediment yield, leading to the reducing of the runoff and sediment load in the ten tributaries.

Key words: runoff, sediment load, climate change, anthropogenic impact, the ten kongduis

中图分类号:

P333

姚海芳, 师长兴, 顾畛逵. 气候变化和人类活动对黄河上游十大孔兑水沙过程的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(3): 472-479.

YAO Hai-fang, SHI Chang-xing, GU Zhen-kui. Impacts of climate change and human activities on water discharge and sediment load of ten tributaries (the Ten Kongduis) of the upper Yellow River[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(3): 472-479.

参考文献

[1] IPCC. Climate change 2013, Impacts adaptation and mitigation[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013.
[2] ZHANG S,LU X X,HIGGITT D L,et al. Recent changes of water discharge and sediment load in the Zhujiang(Pearl River) Basin,China[J]. Global and Planetary Change,2008,60(3):365-380.
[3] MIAO C,NI J,BORTHWICK A G L. Recent changes of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River Basin,China[J]. Progress in Physical Geography,2010,34(4):541-561.
[4] GEBREMICAELT G,MOHAMED Y A,BETRIE G D,et al.Trend analysis of runoff and sediment fluxes in the upper Blue Nile Basin:A combined analysis of statistical tests, physically-based models and landuse maps[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2013,482:57-68.
[5] CHEN J,WU X,FINLAYSON B L,et al. Variability and trend in the hydrology of the Yangtze River,China:Annual precipitation and runoff[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2014,513:403-412.
[6] NAIK P K,JAY D A. Distinguishing human and climate influences on the Columbia River:Changes in mean flow and sediment transport[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2011,4(3):259-277.
[7] LU X X,RAN L,LIU S,et al. Sediment loads response to climate change:A preliminary study of eight large Chinese rivers[J]. International Journal of Sediment Research,2013,28(1):1-14.
[8] TRAN L T,O'NEILL R V. Detecting the effects of land use/land cover on mean annual streamflow in the upper Mississippi River Basin,USA[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2013,499:82-90.
[9] SUN W,SHAO Q,LIU J,et al. Assessing the effects of land use and topography on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau in China[J]. Catena,2014,121:151-163.
[10] SYVITSKI J P M,VOROSMARTY C J,KETTNER A J,et al.Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean[J]. Science,2005,308(5720):376-380.
[11] WU C,YANG S,LEI Y. Quantifying the anthropogenic and climatic impacts on water discharge and sediment load in the Pearl River(Zhujiang),China(1954-2009)[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2012,452:190-204.
[12] SHI C, ZHOU Y, FAN X, et al. A study on the annual runoff change and its relationship with water and soil conservation practices and climate change in the middle Yellow River Basin[J]. Catena,2013,100:31-41.
[13] JIAO J,WANG Z,ZHAO G,et al. Changes in sediment discharge in a sediment-rich region of the Yellow River from 1955 to 2010:Implications for further soil erosion control[J]. Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(5):540-549.
[14] WALLING D E. The impact of global change on erosion and sediment transport by rivers:Current progress and future challenges[M]. Unesco,2009.
[15] 许炯心. 黄河中游多沙粗沙区的风水两相侵蚀产沙过程[J]. 中国科学:(D辑),2000,30(5):540-548.[XU Jiongxin. The wind-water two-phase erosion and sediment producing processes in the middle Yellow River Basin[J]. Science in China(series D),2000,30(5):540-548.]
[16] 许炯心. "十大孔兑"侵蚀产沙与风水两相作用及高含沙水流的关系[J].泥沙研究,2013,(6):28-37.[XU Jiongxin. Erosion and sediment yield of 10 small tributaries joining Inner Mengolia reach of upper Yellow River in relation with coupled wind-water processes and hyperconcentrated flows[J]. Journal of Sediment Research,2013, (6):28-37.]
[17] 刘晓燕,侯素珍,常温花.黄河内蒙古河段主槽萎缩原因和对策[J].水利学报, 2009, 40(9):1048-1054.[LIU Xiaoyan, HOU Suzhen, CHANG Wenhua. Cause of main channel shrinkage occurred to the Inner-Mongolia reaches of Yellow River[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2009,40(9):1048-1054.]
[18] 秦毅,张晓芳,王凤龙,等. 黄河内蒙古河段冲淤演变及其影响因素[J].地理学报,2011,66(3):324-330.[QIN Yi,ZHANG Xiaofang,WANG Fenglong,et al. Scour and silting evolution and its influencing factors in Inner Mongolia reach[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(3):324-330.]
[19] 严国民,王晓.浅谈内蒙古十大孔兑水土保持生态环境建设[J].水土保持学报, 2001, 15(5):119-121.[YAN Guomin, WANG Xiao. Discussion on ecological environment construction of soil and water conservation in Ten-Watershed of Inner Mongolia[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2001, 15(5):119-121.]
[20] 支俊峰,时明立. "89.7.21"十大孔兑区洪水泥沙淤堵黄河分析[C]//河水沙变化研究(卷1).郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002:460-471.[ZHI Junfeng,SHI Mingli. Analysis on the silting up of the Yellow River caused by floods in the Ten Kongduis on 21/7/1989[C]//Studies on Changes in Water and Sediment Discharges of the Yellow River(Vol. 1). Zhengzhou:Yellow River Conservancy Press,2002:460-471.]
[21] 王平,田勇,侯素珍,等. 黄河内蒙古段孔兑水沙特点分析[J]. 人民黄河, 2012, 34(11):39-42.[WANG Ping, TIAN Yong, HOU Suzhen,et al. Analysis on characteristics of flow and sediment of the hyperconcentration tributaries of Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River[J]. Yellow River,2012,34(11):39-42.]
[22] 郭彦,侯素珍,林秀芝. 近51年西柳沟流域水沙变化特征分析[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2014,20(10):176-183.[GUO Yan, HOU Suzhen,LIN Xiuzhi. Variation characteristics of runoff and sediment in Xiliugou River Basin for recent 51 years[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2014, 20(10):176-183.]
[23] 马玉凤,严平,李双权. 内蒙古孔兑区叭尔洞沟中游河谷段的风水交互侵蚀动力过程[J]. 中国沙漠,2013,33(4):990-999.[MA Yufeng,YAN Ping,LI Shuangquan. Dynamic process of aeolian-fluvial interaction erosion in the middle reaches of Baerdong River in Ten-watershed,Inner Mongolia of China[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(4):990-999.]
[24] 许炯心. 黄河内蒙古段支流"十大孔兑"侵蚀产沙的时空变化及其成因[J]. 中国沙漠,2014,34(6):1-9.[XU Jiongxin. Temporal and spatial variation in erosion and sediment yield and the cause in the ten small tributaries to the Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(6):1-9.]
[25] YAO H, SHI C, SHAO W, et al. Impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff and sediment load of the Xiliugou Basin in the upper Yellow River[J]. Advances in Meteorology, 2015,Article ID 481713:1-12.
[26] WEI W,CHEN L,FU B,et al. The effect of land uses and rainfall regimes on runoff and soil erosion in the semi-arid loess hilly area,China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2007,335(3):247-258.
[27] 朱吉生,李纪人,黄诗峰,等. 近30年十大孔兑流域植被覆盖度空间变化的遥感调查与分析[J]. 中国水土保持,2015, (7):68-70.[ZHU Jisheng,LI Jiren,HUANG Shifeng, et al. Investigation and analysis on spatial variations of vegetation coverage in Ten Kongduis over the past 30 years based on remote sensing technology[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,2015, (7):68-70.]
[28] 刘通,黄河清,邵明安,等. 气候变化与人类活动对鄂尔多斯地区西柳沟流域入黄水沙过程的影响[J]. 水土保持学报,2015, 29(2):17-22.[LIU Tong,HUANG Heqing,SHAO Ming'an,et al. Impacts of climate change and human activity on water and sediment input to the Yellow River from Xiliugou Basin in Erdos[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 29(2):17-22.]
[29] 达拉特旗史志征编办公室.达拉特旗年鉴[M]. 达拉特:达拉特旗报社, 2005-2013.[The Office of Compiling Chronicles of Dalate Banner. Dalate Banner YearBook[J]. Dalad:Newspaper Office in Dalate Banner,2005-2013.]
[30] 滕晗,夏建新,任华堂. 退耕还林还草工程对黄土高原延河流域水土保持功能影响研究[J]. 泥沙研究,2015,(4):14-19.[TENG Han,XIA Jianxin,REN Huatang. Study on GTGP effect of soil and water conservation function in Yan River Basin in the Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Sediment Research,2015,(4):14-19.]