内蒙古半干旱区蒸散估算和归因分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2021.446

干旱区地理 ›› 2022, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 1071-1081.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2021.446

内蒙古半干旱区蒸散估算和归因分析

韩典辰¹(),张方敏¹(),陈吉泉²,李云鹏³,卢琦^4,⁵,卢燕宇⁶

1.南京信息工程大学应用气象学院/江苏省农业气象重点实验室,江苏南京 210044
2.密歇根州立大学地理环境空间科学系全球变化观测中心,密歇根东兰辛 MI48825
3.内蒙古自治区生态与农业气象中心,内蒙古呼和浩特 010051
4.中国林科院荒漠化研究所,北京 100091
5.中国林科院沙漠林业实验中心,北京 100091
6.安徽省气象局气象科学研究所大气科学与卫星遥感安徽省重点实验室,安徽合肥 230031

收稿日期:2021-10-01 修回日期:2021-10-25 出版日期:2022-07-25 发布日期:2022-08-11
通讯作者: 张方敏
作者简介:韩典辰（1997-）,男,硕士,主要从事生态气象研究. E-mail: 20191208013@nuist.edu.cn
基金资助:
科技部重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1506606);研究型业务公关项目(YJG202005)

Evapotranspiration of a semi-arid landscape in Inner Mongolia: Estimation and attribution

HAN Dianchen¹(),ZHANG Fangmin¹(),CHEN Jiquan²,LI Yunpeng³,LU Qi^4,⁵,LU Yanyu⁶

1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, China
2. Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Science and Center for Global Change and Earth Observation, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI48825, Michigan, USA
3. Ecological and Agricultural Meteorological Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010051, Inner Mongolia, China
4. Desertification Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
5. Desert Forestry Experimental Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
6. Auhui Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Auhui Province Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Science and Satellite Remote Sensing, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China

Received:2021-10-01 Revised:2021-10-25 Online:2022-07-25 Published:2022-08-11
Contact: Fangmin ZHANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

蒸散（Evapotranspiration,ET）是生态系统水循环中的重要一环,决定了生态系统水分和热量传输。从区域尺度对蒸散及其蒸腾（Transpiration,T）和蒸发（Evaporation,E）组分进行量化,认识环境因素对其的影响机制,有助于合理利用、分配水资源,为研究气候变化对区域生态系统水文循环的影响提供参考。基于生态系统生产力模拟（Boreal ecosystem productivity simulator, BEPS）模型,验证模型在研究区域的适用性,量化1981—2018年内蒙古半干旱区的ET及其组分的变化情况,并对其进行归因分析。结果表明：经不同数据验证,BEPS模型计算结果能够精确反应研究区域ET及其组分的分布情况和变化趋势。1981—2018年研究区草地、农田和森林多年平均ET分别为278.22 mm、362.50 mm和308.81 mm。E、T和ET多年呈显著上升趋势,上升速率分别为0.42 mm·a^-1、0.63 mm·a^-1和1.05 mm·a^-1。ET与T在全区域内空间分布格局相似,与E相反,ET年际波动主要受到T年际波动的影响。综合影响因子的变化和E、T、ET对因子的敏感性,研究区域草地和农田T和ET以及森林的ET主要受到饱和水汽压差（VPD）和平均气温（TEMP）变化的控制。农田和森林归一化植被指数（Normalized difference vegetable index, NDVI）都呈减小趋势,但森林环境T对NDVI的变化更加敏感,因此负贡献更大。

关键词: 蒸散, 蒸发, 蒸腾, BEPS模型, 半干旱区

Abstract:

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the most important flux term in the ecosystem water budget because it is related to water and heat exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere. Quantifying the magnitude and dynamics of ET and its components include evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) at regional scales and deriving a mechanistic understanding of the underline regulations is essential for managing water resources under the changing climate. On the basis of a mechanistic ecosystem model (BEPS), we estimated the magnitudes of ET and its components in the semi-arid region (40.16°-46.77°N and 110.33°-119.91°E) of Inner Mongolia, China from 1981 to 2018. Compared with different data, the BEPS could provide accurate estimates for changes in ET and its components by validating with ground measurements. The total average annual ET of grassland, cropland, and forests in the study area from 1981 to 2018 was 278.22 mm, 362.50 mm, and 308.81 mm, respectively. Over the study period, E, T, and ET increased at a rate of 0.42 mm·a^-1, 0.63 mm·a^-1, and 1.05 mm·a^-1, respectively. Across the study region, we found that the spatial distribution patterns of T was opposite to that of E and similar to that of ET. From the interannual variation standpoint, the interannual fluctuations in ET were primarily influenced by those in T. Considering the changes in influencing factors and the sensitivities of the three fluxes, we concluded that T and ET of the grasslands and croplands and ET of forests were mainly controlled by vapor pressure deficit and air temperature. Although both cropland and forest normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed decreasing trends, forest environmental T was more sensitive to changes in NDVI, thus receiving more negative influence than cropland.

Key words: evapotranspiration, evaporation, transpiration, BEPS model, semi-arid area

韩典辰,张方敏,陈吉泉,李云鹏,卢琦,卢燕宇. 内蒙古半干旱区蒸散估算和归因分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(4): 1071-1081.

HAN Dianchen,ZHANG Fangmin,CHEN Jiquan,LI Yunpeng,LU Qi,LU Yanyu. Evapotranspiration of a semi-arid landscape in Inner Mongolia: Estimation and attribution[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(4): 1071-1081.

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纬度/°N	经度/°E	年份	ET实测值/mm	ET模拟值/mm	T实测值/mm	T模拟值/mm	T/ET实测值	T/ET模拟值	参考文献
42.05	116.28	2006	433.53	423.60	-	-	-	-	[30]
43.55	116.67	2006	281.57	317.76	-	-	-	-	[30]
44.13	116.33	2004	323.14	294.12	-	-	-	-	[31]
44.13	116.33	2006	318.04	297.60	-	-	-	-	[31]
43.53	116.67	2006	307.70	316.92	-	-	-	-	[32]
43.53	116.67	2011	415.12	389.25	-	-	-	-	[32]
43.63	116.71	2004	-	-	155.25	158.64	-	-	[33]
43.63	116.71	2006	-	-	95.70	99.80	-	-	[33]
43.60	116.70	2003—2005	-	-	-	-	0.44	0.45	[34]
43.50	116.70	2003（5—9月）	-	-	-	-	0.62	0.63	[35]

地表类型	PRE	E	T	ET	PRE-ET
草地	309.54	170.20	108.02	278.22	31.32
农田	350.07	149.73	212.77	362.50	-12.43
森林	362.33	119.17	189.64	308.81	53.52

地表类型	NDVI/a^-1	TEMP/°C·a^-1	PRE/mm·a^-1	VPD/kPa·a^-1	RAD/W·m^-2·a^-1
全区域	0.0001	0.05	-0.88	0.002	-0.11
草地	0.0002	0.05	-0.92	0.002	-0.10
农田	-0.0003	0.05	-0.32	0.002	-0.17
森林	-0.0004	0.05	-1.00	0.002	-0.08

地表类型	相对贡献/%					E相对变化率/%	R²	主导因子排序
地表类型	NDVI	TEMP	PRE	VPD	RAD	E相对变化率/%	R²	主导因子排序
全区域	-0.08	1.11	1.94	7.32	-1.32	9.55	0.94	VPD>PRE>RAD>TEMP>NDVI
草地	-0.17	1.09	1.50	7.38	-0.72	9.38	0.96	VPD>PRE>TEMP>RAD>NDVI
农田	1.45	1.11	1.02	8.54	-1.84	10.90	0.94	VPD>RAD>NDVI>TEMP>PRE
森林	1.46	2.25	1.19	12.22	-2.46	15.90	0.92	VPD>RAD>TEMP>NDVI>PRE

地表类型	相对贡献/%					T相对变化率/%	R²	主导因子排序
地表类型	NDVI	TEMP	PRE	VPD	RAD	T相对变化率/%	R²	主导因子排序
全区域	3.42	5.41	-1.12	11.50	-2.37	20.09	0.84	VPD>TEMP>NDVI>RAD>PRE
草地	4.67	5.35	-1.63	10.13	-1.74	19.34	0.86	VPD>TEMP>NDVI>RAD>PRE
农田	-1.31	8.37	-1.12	16.49	-1.63	24.80	0.84	VPD>TEMP>RAD>NDVI>PRE
森林	-3.49	3.27	-0.63	13.04	-1.14	13.83	0.85	VPD>NDVI>TEMP>RAD>PRE

内蒙古半干旱区蒸散估算和归因分析

Evapotranspiration of a semi-arid landscape in Inner Mongolia: Estimation and attribution

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地表类型	相对贡献/%					ET相对变化率/%	R²	主导因子排序
地表类型	NDVI	TEMP	PRE	VPD	RAD	ET相对变化率/%	R²	主导因子排序
全区域	0.79	4.96	-1.01	10.84	-2.84	13.93	0.91	VPD>TEMP>RAD>PRE>NDVI
草地	2.44	2.88	-0.33	8.65	-1.49	13.25	0.91	VPD>TEMP>NDVI>RAD>PRE
农田	-1.54	6.65	-0.65	15.34	-2.07	19.10	0.92	VPD>TEMP>RAD>NDVI>PRE
森林	-1.32	3.27	-0.63	13.04	-1.14	14.64	0.90	VPD>TEMP>NDVI>RAD>PRE