近30 a东昆仑阿牙克库木湖水量变化及其补给关系研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.091

干旱区地理 ›› 2024, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7): 1116-1126.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.091

• 第三次新疆综合科学考察 • 上一篇下一篇

近30 a东昆仑阿牙克库木湖水量变化及其补给关系研究

车彦军¹(), 张明军², 陈亚宁³, 朱成刚³(), 刘玉婷⁴

1.宜春学院地理科学系，江西宜春 336000
2.西北师范大学地理与环境科学学院，甘肃兰州 730070
3.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
4.喀什大学生命与地理科学学院，新疆喀什 844000

收稿日期:2024-02-15 修回日期:2024-04-22 出版日期:2024-07-25 发布日期:2024-07-30
通讯作者: 朱成刚（1976-），男，博士，副研究员，主要从事干旱区地表过程与生态水文研究. E-mail: zhuchg@ms.xjb.ac.cn
作者简介:车彦军（1988-），男，博士，副教授，主要从事冰川与冰湖作用研究. E-mail: che_yanjun@126.com
基金资助:
第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk0100);江西省自然科学基金项目(20232BAB203060);国家自然科学基金项目(42101135)

Changes in water volume of Ayakkum Lake in the eastern Kunlun Mountains and its replenishment relationship in the last 30 years

CHE Yanjun¹(), ZHANG Mingjun², CHEN Yaning³, ZHU Chenggang³(), LIU Yuting⁴

1. Department of Geographical Science, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, Jiangxi, China
2. College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
3. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
4. College of Life and Geographical Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, Xinjiang, China

Received:2024-02-15 Revised:2024-04-22 Published:2024-07-25 Online:2024-07-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着青藏高原气候变暖，高原湖泊数量和面积均表现出显著增加趋势，东昆仑-库木库里盆地湖泊扩张亦十分明显。阿牙克库木湖是库木库里盆地最大盐湖，新疆第三次综合科学考察表明，该湖泊已扩张为新疆最大湖泊。基于科考资料，结合遥感卫星资料，对阿牙克库木湖扩张及其流域冰川、冻土、气温和降水等要素进行分析，探讨湖泊水量及其补给水源的关系。结果表明：（1） 1990―2023年，阿牙克库木湖面积从623.03 km²扩张至1141.67 km²，2002―2023年湖面水位上升了7.28 m，对应水储量增加了66.64×10⁸ m³。（2） 1990―2023年，阿牙克库木湖流域冰川面积减少了16.4 km²，体积减少了1.96 km³。截止2023年，流域分布冰川451条，总面积为324.26 km²。（3） 2010年青藏高原冻土分布图显示，流域分布多年冻土12395 km²，季节冻土10652 km²。（4）水量平衡分析表明，冰川和冻土融水径流分别占阿牙克库木湖总入湖水量的9%和5%，季节冻土和多年冻土区降水径流占比为67%，湖面降水量直接补给占比为19%。总体而言，湖泊的扩张主要是流域降水量增加所致。研究揭示了库木库里盆地地表水文过程，可为当地政府优化水资源配置和管理提供参考。

关键词: 水量平衡, 阿牙克库木湖, 库木库里盆地, 冰川, 东昆仑

Abstract:

With the warming of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the trend of increase in the number and size of plateau lakes is on the rise, with a noticeable expansion of lakes over the Kumkuli Basin in the eastern Kunlun Mountains. Ayakkum Lake is the largest saltwater lake in the Kumkuli Basin, and the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition data indicates that the lake has expanded to become the largest lake in Xinjiang. Based on the expedition data and remote sensing imagery, this study analyzes and subsequently discusses the change in the water volume of Ayakkum Lake and replenishment of its water sources, including glacier, permafrost, temperature, and precipitation. The results show that: (1) The area of Ayakkum Lake expanded from 623.03 km² in 1990 to 1141.67 km² in 2023, and the lake level rose by 7.28 m from 2002 to 2023, corresponding to an increase in water storage of 66.64×10⁸ m³. (2) The glacier area in the Ayakkum Lake Basin decreased by 16.4 km² from 1990 to 2023, with a volume reduction of 1.96 km³. Until 2023, there were 451 glaciers with a total area of 324.26 km² in the region. (3) A distribution map of permafrost over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in 2010 shows that the continuous permafrost area was 12395 km² and seasonal permafrost area was 10652 km². (4) A water balance analysis of the area indicates that glacier and permafrost meltwater account for 9% and 5% of the total inflow into Ayakkum Lake, respectively, whereas runoff from land surface precipitation in seasonal frost and permafrost regions accounts for 67% of the total inflow into Ayakkum Lake. Additionally, replenishment to the lake water surface via direct precipitation accounts for 19% of the total inflow into Ayakkum Lake. In other words, the expansion of the lake mainly resulted from an increase in precipitation over the Ayakkum Lake Basin. This study reveals the land surface hydrological processes in the Kumkuli Basin and provides reference for local governments to optimize water resource allocation and management.

Key words: water balance, Ayakkum Lake, Kumkuli Basin, glaciers, eastern Kunlun Mountains

车彦军, 张明军, 陈亚宁, 朱成刚, 刘玉婷. 近30 a东昆仑阿牙克库木湖水量变化及其补给关系研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(7): 1116-1126.

CHE Yanjun, ZHANG Mingjun, CHEN Yaning, ZHU Chenggang, LIU Yuting. Changes in water volume of Ayakkum Lake in the eastern Kunlun Mountains and its replenishment relationship in the last 30 years[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(7): 1116-1126.

图/表 8

图1

表1

本文所用遥感影像信息"

序号	数据类型	文件名称	日期（年-月-日）	云覆盖/%	用途
1	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140035_19910624_20200915_02_T1	1991-06-24	7.00	冰川
2	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L2SP_139035_19910820_20200915_02_T1	1991-08-20	7.00	冰川
3	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_139035_19920907_20200914_02_T1	1992-09-07	10.00	冰川
4	LandSat5 TM	LT51400351992226BJC00	1992-08-13	2.00	冰川
5	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_139035_19930910_20200913_02_T1	1993-09-10	0.00	冰川
6	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140035_19930715_20200914_02_T1	1993-07-15	16.00	冰川
7	LandSat5 TM	LT51390351994272BJC00	1994-09-29	0.00	冰川
8	LandSat5 TM	LT51400351994199ISP00	1994-07-18	0.00	冰川
9	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_139035_19990725_20200907_02_T1	1999-07-25	23.00	冰川
10	LandSat7 ETM+	LE71400351999237SGS01	1999-08-25	0.00	冰川
11	LandSat7 ETM+	LE71390352001203SGS00	2001-07-22	13.00	冰川
12	LandSat7 ETM+	LT05_L1TP_140035_20010721_20200906_02_T1	2001-07-21	1.00	冰川
13	LandSat7 ETM+	LE07_L1TP_140035_20010814_20180228_01_T1	2001-08-14	27.00	冰川
14	LandSat7 ETM+	LE71390352002238SGS00	2002-08-26	0.00	冰川
15	LandSat7 ETM+	LE71400352002133EDC00	2002-05-13	4.00	冰川
16	LandSat5 TM	LT51390352003265BJC00	2003-09-22	0.00	冰川
17	LandSat7 ETM+	LE07_L1TP_140035_20030921_20170124_01_T1	2003-09-21	0.00	冰川
18	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140035_20030913_20200904_02_T1	2003-09-13	29.00	冰川
19	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_139035_20040807_20200903_02_T1	2004-08-27	27.00	冰川
20	LandSat5 TM	LT51400352004259BJC00	2004-09-15	1.00	冰川
21	LandSat5 TM	LT51390352006257IKR00	2006-09-14	3.00	冰川
22	LandSat5 TM	LT51400352006232IKR00	2006-08-20	17.00	冰川
23	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140035_20060905_20200831_02_T1	2006-09-05	27.00	冰川
24	LandSat5 TM	LT51390352007212IKR00	2007-07-31	2.00	冰川
25	LandSat5 TM	LT51400352007203IKR00	2007-07-22	1.00	冰川
26	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_139035_20080903_20200829_02_T1	2008-09-03	15.00	冰川
27	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140035_20080825_20200829_02_T1	2008-08-25	7.00	冰川
28	LandSat7 ETM+	LE71390352010244ASN00.tar	2010-09-01	1.00	冰川
29	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140035_20100815_20200823_02_T1	2010-08-15	20.00	冰川
30	LandSat8 OLI	LC81390352013212LGN00	2013-07-31	0.16	冰川
31	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400352013219LGN00	2013-08-07	11.85	冰川
32	LandSat8 OLI	LC81390352016253LGN00	2016-09-09	1.96	冰川
33	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400352016196LGN01	2016-07-14	0.17	冰川
34	LandSat8 OLI	LC81390352017223LGN00	2017-08-11	0.16	冰川
35	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400352017214LGN00	2017-08-02	0.16	冰川
36	LandSat7 ETM+	LE07_L1TP_139035_20180822_20200828_02_T1	2018-08-22	9.00	冰川
37	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400352018201LGN00	2018-07-20	2.05	冰川
38	LandSat8 OLI	LC8_L1TP_139035_20200819_20200823_02_T1	2020-08-19	4.04	冰川
39	LandSat8 OLI	LC8_L1TP_140035_20201013_20201105_02_T1	2020-10-13	0.44	冰川
40	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400352021273LGN00	2021-09-30	5.92	冰川
41	LandSat8 OLI	LC81390352021250LGN00	2021-09-07	0.46	冰川
42	LandSat8 OLI	LC81390352022205LGN00	2022-07-24	0.15	冰川
43	LandSat9	LC91400352022188LGN01	2022-07-07	0.98	冰川
44	LandSat8 OLI	LC81390352023224LGN00	2023-08-12	7.02	冰川
45	LandSat9	LC91400352023223LGN00	2023-08-11	2.37	冰川
46	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140034_19900707_20200916_02_T1	1990-07-07	0.00	湖泊
47	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140034_19910928_20170126_01_T1	1991-09-28	2.00	湖泊
48	LandSat5 TM	LT51400341992226ISP01	1992-08-13	0.00	湖泊
49	LandSat5 TM	LT51400341993196ISP00	1993-07-15	2.00	湖泊
50	LandSat5 TM	LT51400341994215ISP00	1994-08-03	1.00	湖泊
51	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140033_19950721_20200912_02_T1	1995-07-21	30.00	湖泊
52	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140034_19960925_20170102_01_T1	1996-09-25	1.00	湖泊
53	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140034_19970827_20200910_02_T1	1997-08-27	4.00	湖泊
54	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140034_19980814_20200909_02_T1	1998-08-14	16.00	湖泊
55	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140034_19990817_20200907_02_T1	1999-08-17	3.00	湖泊
56	LandSat5 TM	LT51400342000248BJC00	2000-09-04	1.00	湖泊
57	LandSat7 ETM+	LE07_L1TP_140034_20010729_20200917_02_T1	2001-07-29	12.00	湖泊
58	LandSat5 TM	LT51400342002221BJC01	2002-08-09	18.00	湖泊
59	LandSat5 TM	LT51400342003256BJC00	2003-09-13	13.00	湖泊
60	LandSat5 TM	LT51400342004211BJC00	2004-07-29	1.00	湖泊
61	LandSat5 TM	LT51400342005261BJC00	2005-09-18	17.00	湖泊
62	LandSat5 TM	LT51400342006232IKR00	2006-08-20	5.00	湖泊
63	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140034_20070823_20200830_02_T1	2007-08-23	2.00	湖泊
64	LandSat5 TM	LT51400342008238BJC00	2008-08-25	17.00	湖泊
65	LandSat5 TM	LT05_L1TP_140033_20090727_20200827_02_T1	2009-07-27	1.00	湖泊
66	LandSat5 TM	LT51400342010243IKR00	2010-08-30	2.00	湖泊
67	LandSat5 TM	LT51400342011246IKR00	2011-09-03	52.00	湖泊
68	LandSat7 ETM+	LE07_L1TP_140034_20120913_20161129_01_T1	2012-09-13	0.00	湖泊
69	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400342013219LGN00	2013-08-07	4.26	湖泊
70	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400342014238LGN00	2014-08-26	3.54	湖泊
71	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400342015225LGN00	2015-08-13	1.94	湖泊
72	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400342016196LGN01	2016-07-14	0.17	湖泊
73	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400342017214LGN00	2017-08-02	1.51	湖泊
74	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400342018201LGN00	2018-07-20	0.18	湖泊
75	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400342019220LGN00	2019-08-08	2.36	湖泊
76	LandSat8 OLI	LC81400342020303LGN00	2020-10-29	1.64	湖泊
77	LandSat8 OLI	LC08_L1TP_140034_20210728_20210804_02_T1	2021-07-28	0.24	湖泊
78	LandSat8 OLI	LC08_L1TP_140034_20220731_20220806_02_T1	2022-07-31	33.85	湖泊
79	LandSat9 OLI	LC09_L1TP_140034_20230827_20230827_02_T1	2023-08-27	11.60	湖泊

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

表2

图6

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河流名称	年径流/10⁸ m³	汇流关系
依协克帕提河	6.70	汇入阿牙克库木湖
色斯克亚河	0.85	汇入阿牙克库木湖
皮提勒克河	2.47	在下游汇入依协克帕提河后最终汇入阿牙克库木湖
库木开日河	1.38	汇入依协克帕提河后汇入阿牙克库木湖
总计	11.40	-

近30 a东昆仑阿牙克库木湖水量变化及其补给关系研究

Changes in water volume of Ayakkum Lake in the eastern Kunlun Mountains and its replenishment relationship in the last 30 years

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