喜马拉雅地区叶如藏布流域冰川和冰湖变化遥感监测研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.110

干旱区地理 ›› 2022, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 1870-1880.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.110

喜马拉雅地区叶如藏布流域冰川和冰湖变化遥感监测研究

丁悦凯(),刘睿,张翠兰,童丽媛,董军()

GIS应用研究重庆市高校重点实验室/重庆师范大学地理与旅游学院，重庆 401331

收稿日期:2022-03-20 修回日期:2022-06-13 出版日期:2022-11-25 发布日期:2023-02-01
通讯作者: 董军（1991-），男，硕士，助教，主要从事微波遥感方面研究. E-mail: 1442708713@qq.com
作者简介:丁悦凯（2001-），男，本科生，主要从事遥感应用等方面的研究. E-mail: ykice011@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41907396);国家自然科学基金项目(41801063);国家自然科学基金项目(42071277);重庆市教育委员会人文社会科学研究项目(22SKSZ030);重庆师范大学基金项目(22XLB003);重庆师范大学基金项目(22XLB002);重庆师范大学第五届“三春湖”杯创新创业竞赛课外学术科技作品项目(202201043)

Remote sensing monitoring of glacier and glacial lake changes in Yairu Zangbo Basin, Himalayas

DING Yuekai(),LIU Rui,ZHANG Cuilan,TONG Liyuan,DONG Jun()

Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application Research, School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China

Received:2022-03-20 Revised:2022-06-13 Online:2022-11-25 Published:2023-02-01
Contact: Jun DONG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

叶如藏布流域冰川和冰湖众多，冰川融水是当地重要的淡水资源，是冰湖扩张的重要补给，冰湖溃决是当地潜在的自然灾害，因此分析该区域冰川和冰湖的现状与变化特征具有重要的现实意义。基于Landsat系列遥感影像，分析1990—2020年叶如藏布流域冰川和冰湖的分布与变化特征。结果表明：（1）近30 a来叶如藏布流域冰川面积整体呈退缩趋势，由1990年167.80 km²退缩到2020年128.92 km²，共退缩38.88 km²，年均退缩率为0.77%·a^-1，且研究区冰川主要分布在海拔5800~6400 m之间，集中分布在5°~20°的坡度上。（2）与冰川变化趋势相反，研究时段冰湖整体表现为扩张趋势，由1990年5.72 km²增加到2020年8.81 km²，30 a共增加3.09 km²，年均增长率为1.80%·a^-1。（3）冰湖主要分布在海拔5000~5600 m范围内，坡度在0~10°分布面积较多，表碛覆盖型冰川与非表碛覆盖型冰川对冰湖有着不同程度的影响。（4） 1990—2017年叶如藏布流域温度与降水波动较大，温度整体呈上升趋势，降水量则波动下降，导致叶如藏布流域的冰川消融，冰湖扩张。通过上述研究以期为叶如藏布流域地区提供详细的冰川和冰湖面积分布与变化特征基础数据，为防灾减灾提供一定的支撑。

关键词: 冰川, 冰湖, 遥感监测, 叶如藏布流域

Abstract:

There are many glaciers and glacial lakes in Yairu Zangbo Basin, Tibet, China. Meltwater is an important local resource that contributes significantly to the expansion of glacial lakes. Meanwhile, the outburst of glacial lakes is a potential local natural disaster. Therefore, it is of great significance to analyze and study the glaciers and glacial lakes in this region. Hence, based on the Landsat scene, this study analyzes the distribution and change characteristics of glaciers and glacial lakes in Yairu Zangbo Basin from 1990 to 2020. The results are as follows: (1) Over the past 30 years, the glaciers have shown a shrinking trend. The area shrank from 167.80 km² in 1990 to 128.92 km² in 2020, with a total area of 38.88 km² and an average annual shrinking rate of 0.77%·a⁻¹. Glaciers are mainly distributed between 5800-6400 m and a slope range of 5°-20°. Debris-covered and debris-free glacier areas have an impact on the number and area distribution of glaciers. (2) Contrary to the trend of glacier change, the glacial lakes exhibit an expansion trend, from 5.72 km² in 1990 to 8.81 km² in 2020, with a total increase of 3.09 km² and an average annual growth rate of 1.80%·a⁻¹. (3) Glacial lakes are mainly distributed between 5000-5600 m and a slope range of 0-10°. Debris-covered and debris-free glaciers have different effects on glacial lakes. (4) From 1990 to 2017, temperature and precipitation in this region fluctuated significantly, showing an upward trend in temperature and a downward trend in precipitation, leading to the melting of glaciers and the expansion of glacial lakes. The findings of this study provide detailed basic data on the distribution and change characteristics of glaciers and glacial lakes and provide support for disaster prevention and mitigation in Yairu Zangbo Basin.

Key words: glacier, glacial lake, remote sensing monitoring, Yairu Zangbo Basin

丁悦凯, 刘睿, 张翠兰, 童丽媛, 董军. 喜马拉雅地区叶如藏布流域冰川和冰湖变化遥感监测研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(6): 1870-1880.

DING Yuekai, LIU Rui, ZHANG Cuilan, TONG Liyuan, DONG Jun. Remote sensing monitoring of glacier and glacial lake changes in Yairu Zangbo Basin, Himalayas[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(6): 1870-1880.

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获取时间（年-月-日）	传感器	行列号	分辨率/m	云量/%
1990-04-11^*	TM	139/41	30	29.0
1990-06-14	TM	139/41	30	42.0
1990-10-20^*	TM	139/41	30	31.3
1990-12-23^*	TM	139/41	30	17.5
2000-06-17^*	ETM+	139/41	30	41.7
2000-09-13^*	TM	139/41	30	32.8
2000-10-15^*	TM	139/41	30	14.0
2000-12-06	ETM+	139/41	30	0.7
2010-06-13^*	ETM+	139/41	30	58.2
2010-07-15^*	ETM+	139/41	30	75.6
2010-10-03^*	ETM+	139/41	30	39.7
2010-12-06	ETM+	139/41	30	36.8
2020-05-31^*	OLI	139/41	30	78.3
2020-06-16^*	OLI	139/41	30	28.1
2020-10-22	OLI	139/41	30	10.6
2020-11-23^*	OLI	139/41	30	9.3

类别	年份	缓冲区面积/km²	面积/km²	误差率/%
冰川	1990	174.05	167.80	3.72
冰川	2000	160.54	153.89	4.32
冰川	2010	152.01	145.66	4.36
冰川	2020	135.26	128.92	4.92
冰湖	1990	5.92	5.72	3.55
冰湖	2000	6.98	6.68	4.49
冰湖	2010	6.32	6.05	4.46
冰湖	2020	9.13	8.81	3.63

年份	面积/km²	退缩量/km²	面积变化率/%	年均退缩率/%·a^-1
1990	167.80	-	-	-
2000	153.89	13.91	8.29	0.83
2010	145.66	8.24	5.35	0.54
2020	128.92	16.74	11.49	1.14
总计	-	38.88	23.17	0.77

年份	表碛覆盖型			非表碛覆盖型
年份	面积/km²	数目	平均规模/km²	面积/km²	数目	平均规模/km²
1990	45.19	4	11.30	122.61	106	1.16
2020	40.30	4	10.07	88.62	126	0.70

规模/km²	1990年		2020年
规模/km²	数目/条	面积/km²	数目/条	面积/km²
≤0.2	37	4.18	76	5.21
0.2~0.5	32	10.83	24	6.90
0.5~1	12	8.67	6	4.61
1~2	10	15.41	9	13.44
2~5	10	31.23	8	21.43
5~10	6	51.17	4	33.78
10~20	2	23.32	2	21.78
20~50	1	23.19	1	21.77
总计	110	167.80	130	128.92

喜马拉雅地区叶如藏布流域冰川和冰湖变化遥感监测研究

Remote sensing monitoring of glacier and glacial lake changes in Yairu Zangbo Basin, Himalayas

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海拔/m	年均面积变化率/%·a^-1
海拔/m	1990—2000年	2000—2010年	2010—2020年
4800~5000	4.76	0.00	98.20
5000~5200	-11.87	-7.89	-33.65
5200~5400	-5.12	0.68	-78.11
5400~5600	-35.21	-8.41	-194.57
5600~5800	-18.34	58.98	11.26
5800~6000	-9.39	83.83	21.52
6000~6200	22.66	97.98	15.40
6200~6400	66.67	100.00	-
6400~6600	-	-	-

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年份	受表碛覆盖型冰川影响的冰湖			受非表碛覆盖型冰川影响的冰湖
年份	面积/km²	数目	平均规模/km²	面积/km²	数目	平均规模/km²
1990	2.96	5	0.59	2.76	18	0.15
2020	3.99	5	0.79	4.82	34	0.14