喜马拉雅山入湖冰川物质变化研究综述

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.566

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

入湖冰川在喜马拉雅山地区广泛分布，其快速消融和末端崩解，是该地区冰湖溃决洪水最重要的触发因子和影响因素。近年来入湖冰川整体处于物质持续且加速亏损状态，1975—2000年入湖冰川物质平衡为-0.33±0.07 m w.e.·a^-1，近10 a达到-0.56±0.08 m w.e.·a^-1，其平均物质损失速率-0.45±0.08 m w.e.·a^-1。入湖冰川物质损失速率明显高于其他类型冰川，末端消融及崩解是其主要原因。当前冰川末端水下物质损失仍无法准确估算，广泛应用于入海冰川末端消融模拟的羽流模型，为估算入湖冰川末端湖-冰物/热交换过程研究提供了可行方法，其中冰下融水径流量、冰川末端切面形态、湖水温度和密度是影响羽流模型估算结果的重要参数。基于羽流模型评估冰川末端水下消融特征，为准确评估未来情境下冰川物质变化奠定基础。

关键词: 入湖冰川, 冰川变化, 冰川物质平衡, 羽流模型, 喜马拉雅山

Abstract:

Lake-terminating glaciers are widely distributed in the Himalayas, and their rapid melting and terminal calving are the most significant triggering and influencing factors of glacial lake outburst floods in the region. In recent years, the lake-terminating glaciers have experienced continuous and accelerating mass loss. From 1975 to 2000, the mass loss of lake-terminating glaciers was −0.33±0.07 m w.e.·a⁻¹. In the past 10 years, it has reached −0.56±0.08 m w.e.·a⁻¹, and its average mass loss rate was −0.45±0.08 m w.e.·a⁻¹. The mass loss rate of lake-terminating glaciers is significantly higher than that of others, and terminal melting and calving are the primary reasons. The subaqueous mass loss of lake-terminating glaciers terminus cannot be accurately estimated. The plume model is widely used to simulate the melting of tidewater glaciers, providing a feasible method for determining the lake-ice mass/heat exchange process at the lake-terminating glaciers terminus. The amount of subglacial meltwater runoff, the cross-section shape of the glacier terminal, and the temperature and density of lake water significantly affect the estimation results of the plume model. Evaluating the underwater melting characteristics of glacier terminals based on the plume model will lay the foundation for accurately estimating future glacier mass changes.

Key words: lake-terminating glacier, glacier change, glacier mass balance, plume model, Himalayas

贾尚坤, 魏俊锋, 张法刚, 王欣. 喜马拉雅山入湖冰川物质变化研究综述[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(7): 1156-1164.

JIA Shangkun, WEI Junfeng, ZHANG Fagang, WANG Xin. Research review of mass changes for lake-terminating glaciers in the Himalayas[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(7): 1156-1164.

图/表 3

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