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干旱区地理 ›› 2015, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (2): 391-402.

• 区域发展 • 上一篇    下一篇

从清代新疆屯垦政策角度谈屯田与生态环境的关系——以天山北路东部屯垦为中心

刘超建   

  1. (北京师范大学历史学院, 北京  100875)
  • 收稿日期:2014-08-08 修回日期:2014-10-09 出版日期:2015-03-25
  • 作者简介:刘超建(1981-)男,山东阳谷人,博士后,主要研究方向:历史人文地理,边疆问题研究. Email:helloliuchaojian@163.com

Relationship between mita and ecological environment from the perspective of the settlements policy during the Qing Dynasty:centered on the settlement of the eastern Tianshan north road

LIU  Chao-jian   

  1. (History College,Beijing Normal University,Beijing  100875,China)
  • Received:2014-08-08 Revised:2014-10-09 Online:2015-03-25

摘要: 近年来,清代新疆屯田与生态环境的关系已成为研究热点。但多数只是从经济史或社会史的角度,作为研究的出发点,只注重了屯田对环境所造成的负面影响,对其正面影响多无涉及,得出屯田是造成土地沙漠化扩大的主要因素。事实上,这样的结论并不符合历史事实。为此,选取清代天山北路东部屯垦作为研究对象,运用历史农业地理的理论与方法,在小尺度的范围内,探求屯垦政策下所进行的农业开发与生态环境变化之间的互动性,以求对二者之间关系有个正确的定位。其主旨不是就清代屯田对生态环境影响进行的重新研究,而是从屯垦政策的角度,通过对清代移民人口、屯田规模、农业技术选择、土地权属及在屯田过程中所形成相关人文要素进行探讨,并由此所引起的屯田与生态环境的关系进行分析。结果表明屯田对生态环境影响主要表现在其积极的方面上,即戈壁变为绿洲,而不是所说的屯田引起沙漠化扩大,也就是说,其负面影响并不突出。这样就为我们能够正确认识清代新疆地区环境变迁提供了理论及事实上的支持。从而得出,自然本身、战争等其它要素,应该是环境变迁的主要因素。

关键词: 天山北路东部, 移民开垦, 技术选择, 生态环境

Abstract: In recent years,the relationship between the border migration settlement farming and ecological environment of Xinjiang in the period of Qing Dynasty has become a hot-spot research subject. But the most researchers take their studies only from economic aspect as starting point and put too much emphasis on the negative impact of wasteland farming,believing that wasteland farming by the border migration settlement would make the nature environment worse. In this way many positive effects were ignored and not involved in their studies,and they believed that wasteland farming by border migration settlement  is the main cause of land desertification expanding. In fact,such a conclusion is not consistent with historical facts. The innovation of the thesis in this paper tend to select the border migration settlement of the Eastern Tianshan North Road in the Qing Dynasty as the research object and give an affirmative opinion about the positive effects on it and use the historical geography theories and methods of agriculture in small-scale in the range to explore interaction between settlement policies carried out under the farmland reclamation and ecological environmental changes so as to find the proper and correct positioning to the reality. The purpose of the thrust of the paper is not to re-examine the ecological environment,but to explore the relevant human elements through the process of the formation from the perspective of settlement policy,immigration population opening-up wasteland-scale,agricultural technology selection,land ownership and the relevant data based on the basis of previous studies,and from which you will finally find that wasteland farming plays an important rule on the ecological environment in its positive aspect,namely desert becoming into oasis rather than expanding desertification caused by. In other word,its negative impact is not prominent.Thus for us to be able to correctly understand the Qing Dynasty in the environmental changes and in fact provide a theoretical support. The paper concluded that nature itself,human war,the destruction of forests and other facts that might be the major factors in environmental changes in Xinjiang and the negative impact caused by the settlement was very negligible. No doubts,our studies also need to do further research in future.

Key words: the Eastern Tianshan north road, mmigration and cultivation, echnology choices, cological environment

中图分类号: 

  • K928.6