基于资源环境承载力的干旱区乡村振兴路径研究——以宁夏为例

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.063

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

资源环境承载力是限制旱区区域社会经济发展的重要因素,厘清资源环境承载力状态,探究典型地区乡村振兴的资源环境分布特征及问题所在,是新时期旱区科学实施乡村振兴的基础。以宁夏为例,基于资源环境承载力PS-DR-DP（压力-支撑力;破坏力-恢复力;退化力-提升力）正六边形相互作用力模型以及3对相互作用力内部的协调发展状况研究,探究干旱地区实现乡村振兴的路径。结果表明：宁夏资源环境承载力较弱,3对相互作用力内部协调发展度在各县域有明显的差异,北部沿黄灌区承载力高于南部山区承载力,资源型城市生态环境破坏严重,总体上宁夏全区资源环境承载力的发展度都较低。针对每个区域资源环境承载力的优势和劣势,将宁夏分为高承载-集聚提升区、高承载-特色保护区、中承载-生态恢复区和低承载-生态保育区4个区域。实现乡村振兴战略不仅要在宏观层面上谋划振兴路径,还要根据各区域的资源环境承载能力进行调控以促进乡村地区社会经济可持续发展。

关键词: 资源环境承载力, 乡村振兴, 干旱地区, 宁夏

Abstract:

Resources and environmental conditions are important factors that limit the socioeconomic development of arid areas. Blind development will cause irreversible damage to the environment and lead to the stagnation of regional development. Therefore, exploring the resources and environment carrying capacity of arid areas is important for planning the rural development path. Rural arid areas all over the world are defined by high rainfall variability, frequent droughts, low soil moisture, and extreme events such as flash floods, which normally combine with government shortcomings and structural inequalities to exacerbate the vulnerability of communities. Agriculture has limited livelihood options, and employment opportunities depend on activities that are sensitive to the impacts of climate change. The climatic and socioeconomic environment in rural arid areas makes communities vulnerable to food insecurity and unstable livelihoods, and leads to unsustainable agroecological systems and crop failure of the land. Ningxia is located in the transition zone of arid and semi-arid climate of China, which is the most sensitive, ecologically vulnerable zone in the global climate and is also a region with outstanding resources and environmental problems. This study aims to analyze the resources and environment carrying capacity of settlement land resources and water resources for developing rural arid land in Ningxia. This study takes counties in Ningxia as the research unit to characterize the resources and environment carrying capacity with three pairs of interaction force, namely, pressure-support, destructiveness-resilience, and degradation-promotion. Coordination degree and degree of development are used to analyze the coordinated development capacity of regional resources and environmental carrying capacity to identify the resource environment in each region and lack of carrying capacity. Results show that the overall resources and environment carrying capacity of Ningxia is weak, and the carrying capacity along the Yellow River irrigation area in the north is higher than that of the southern mountainous area. As a result of the inborn shortage of natural conditions and overgrazing, the resources in the southern mountain area are low, but the coordination degree of the degradation and uplift has improved evidently since poverty alleviation efforts have been put in place. According to the shortcomings of each county’s resources and environment in Ningxia, it is divided into four types of problem counties, namely, fragile support, fragile recovery, fragile lifting, and fragile carrying capacity. With focus on the advantages and disadvantages of the resources and environment carrying capacity of each region, Ningxia is divided into four regions: high-carrying agglomeration upgrading area, high-carrying characting protection area, medium-carrying ecological restoration area, and low-carrying ecological conservation zone. The aim is to establish appropriate rural revitalization paths based on regional industrial characteristics. In this paper, the smallest research unit is the county, starting from the resources and environment carrying capacity, and the path of rural revitalization is explored from the perspective of sustainable development with a view to providing a new thinking path and reference significance for national rural revitalization.

Key words: resources and environment carrying capacity, rural revitalization, arid area, Ningxia

李瑾,文琦,杨骁. 基于资源环境承载力的干旱区乡村振兴路径研究——以宁夏为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(1): 287-297.

LI Jin,WEN Qi,YANG Xiao. Rural revitalization path based on the resources and environment carrying capacity in arid area: A case of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(1): 287-297.

图/表 9

表1

资源环境承载力指标评价体系"

准则层	指标层	序号
压力	农作物播种面积/km²	$C 11$
	城镇村及工矿用地/10⁸ km²	$C 21$
	常住人口中乡村人口数/人	$C 31$
	地区生产总值/10⁸元	$C 41$
	农村需水量/10⁴ m³	$C 51$
支撑力	耕地面积/km²	$C 61$
	乡村可利用土地面积/km²	$C 71$
	粮食产量/t	$C 81$
	乡村从业人数/人	$C 91$
	年平均降水量/mm	$C 101$
	水资源供给量/10⁸m³	$C 111$
	农村居民人均可支配收入/元	$C 121$
破坏力	工业SO₂排放量/t	$C 12$
	工业烟尘排放量/t	$C 22$
	工业废水排放总量/t	$C 32$
	一般工业固体废弃物产生量/t	$C 42$
恢复力	工业SO₂去除量/t	$C 52$
	一般工业固体废弃物处置/t	$C 62$
	工业废水处理量/t	$C 72$
	工业烟尘处理量/t	$C 82$
退化力	农用化肥施用量/t	$C 13$
	水土流失面积/km²	$C 23$
	土地沙漠化面积/km²	$C 33$
提升力	林地面积/km²	$C 43$
	水土流失治理面积/km²	$C 53$
	沙漠化治理面积/km²	$C 63$
	造林面积/km²	$C 73$

表1

表2

表3

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

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等级	承载力贡献值均值	承载力状态
Ⅰ	G≤0.30	低水平承载,接近稳定状态
Ⅱ	0.30<G<0.65	高速发展,不稳定状态
Ⅲ	0.65<G<0.85	合理承载,接近稳定状态
Ⅳ	G≥0.85	完全承载,不稳定状态

目标	等级	阈值	状态
协调度（X）	重度失调型	X≤0.30	重度失调
	轻度失调型	0.30<X≤0.50	轻度失调
	基本协调型	0.50<X≤0.70	基本协调
	良好协调型	0.70<X≤0.90	良好协调
	优质协调型	0.90<X≤1.00	优质协调
发展度（F）	重度衰退型	F≤0.30	重度衰退
	轻度衰退型	0.30<F≤0.50	轻度衰退
	基本发展型	0.50<F≤0.70	基本发展
	良好发展型	0.70<F≤0.90	良好发展
	优质发展型	0.90<F≤1.00	优质发展