地形因子对陕北黄土丘陵区防护林树种分布的影响

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.06.24

干旱区地理 ›› 2021, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 1763-1771.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.06.24

地形因子对陕北黄土丘陵区防护林树种分布的影响

姜丽^1,²(),魏天兴^1,²(),李亦然^1,²,魏安琪³

1. 北京林业大学水土保持国家林业局重点实验室,北京 100083
2. 北京林业大学林业生态工程教育部工程研究中心,北京 100083
3. 秦皇岛市气象灾害防御中心,河北秦皇岛 066000

收稿日期:2020-11-02 修回日期:2021-07-19 出版日期:2021-11-25 发布日期:2021-12-03
通讯作者: 魏天兴
作者简介:姜丽（1995-）,女,硕士研究生,主要从事为流域自然地理研究. E-mail: jiangli@bjfu.edu.cn
基金资助:
“十三五”国家重点研发计划课题(2016YFC050170502)

Effects of topographical factors on tree species distribution of shelter forest in Loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi

JIANG Li^1,²(),WEI Tianxing^1,²(),LI Yiran^1,²,WEI Anqi³

1. Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2. Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
3. Qinhuangdao Meteorological Disaster Prevention Center, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei, China

Received:2020-11-02 Revised:2021-07-19 Online:2021-11-25 Published:2021-12-03
Contact: Tianxing WEI

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了解地形因子对树种分布变化的影响,更科学地进行防护林空间配置,本研究利用陕西省延安市吴起县数字高程模型（DEM）数据以及两期树种分布数据,采用Pearson相关分析和随机森林模型,探讨陕西省延安市吴起县典型造林树种[刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）、山杏（Armeniaca sibirica）、油松（Pinus tabuliformis）和沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）]与地形因子（海拔、坡度、坡向、曲率、地形起伏度和地形粗糙度）的关系。结果表明：（1） 2007—2019年刺槐、山杏和油松的分布呈增加趋势,研究区内分别在83.373%、73.271%和72.415%的区域呈增加趋势;沙棘的分布呈减少趋势,在61.737%的区域衰退。（2）通过Pearson相关分析和随机森林重要性检验,海拔和坡向是影响黄土高原地区典型造林树种分布的主要地形因子。（3） 4种主要造林乔灌木树种刺槐、山杏、油松和沙棘适宜生长海拔范围分别为1410.105~1510.215 m、1444.873~1553.210 m、1380.132~1451.762 m和1365.621~1562.348 m。（4）刺槐适宜生长坡向范围为0~20.520°、50.280°~62.310°、82.440°~95.280°和277.280°~360.000°;山杏适宜生长坡向范围为0~81.270°和265.310°~360.000°;油松适宜生长坡向范围为0~100.180°;沙棘适宜生长坡向范围为0~74.540°和280.820°~360.000°。

关键词: 树种分布, 地形因子, 随机森林模型, 黄土高原

Abstract:

As an important part of various ecosystems, forests play an important role in intercepting rainfall, maintaining runoff, regulating climate, preventing desertification, and soil and water conservation. The construction of shelterbelts has also gradually become an important means of solving the ecological and environmental problems in several countries. However, because of the excessive pursuit of increased green area in the early stages of afforestation and the failure to follow the “suitable site and suitable tree” principle, the quality of protective forests formed in the early stages of afforestation in China has not been high overall. Thus, it is of great significance to study how topographic factors affect the distribution of tree species to realize sustainable development in shelterbelt system construction projects, promote the optimization of shelterbelt structures, and improve the quality of shelterbelts. In this study, digital elevation model data, forest resource survey results, and tree species distribution data from Wuqi County, Shaanxi Province, China were collected to investigate the influence of topographical factors on vegetation distribution and promote ecological restoration and shelter forest construction. The relationships between typical afforestation tree species (Pinus tabuliformis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Armeniaca sibiric, and Hippophae rhamnoides) and topographic factors (elevation, aspect, slope, curvature, recursive damped least squares, and topographic roughness index) were analyzed using Pearson analysis and a random forest model. The results demonstrated the following: (1) The distribution area of R. pseudoacacia, A. sibiric, and P. tabuliformis exhibited an upward trend from 2007 to 2019, increasing by 83.373%, 73.271%, and 72.415%, respectively. The distribution area of H. rhamnoides exhibited a declining trend, decreasing by 61.737%. (2) On the local scale, the influence of terrain factors on the distribution of tree species cannot be ignored, with the most important being altitude and aspect. Hence, different afforestation tree species should be selected according to altitudes and directions. (3) Specifically, the altitude ranges suitable for R. pseudoacacia, A. sibiric, P. tabuliformis, and H. rhamnoides were found to be 1410.105-1510.215 m, 1444.873-1553.210 m, 1380.132-1451.762 m, and 1365.621-1562.348 m, respectively. The aspects suitable for R. pseudoacacia include 0-20.520°, 50.280°-62.310°, 82.440°-95.280°, and 277.280°-360.000°, whereas those for A. sibiric are 0-81.270° and 265.310°-360.000°. The suitable range for P. tabulaeformis is 0-100.180°, whereas those for H. rhamnoides are 0-74.540° and 280.820°-360.000°.

Key words: distribution of tree species, topographical factors, random forest model, Loess Plateau

姜丽,魏天兴,李亦然,魏安琪. 地形因子对陕北黄土丘陵区防护林树种分布的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(6): 1763-1771.

JIANG Li,WEI Tianxing,LI Yiran,WEI Anqi. Effects of topographical factors on tree species distribution of shelter forest in Loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(6): 1763-1771.

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Kappa系数	精度评价
0.800~1.000	几近完美
0.600~0.800	精确
0.400~0.600	较好
0.200~0.400	正常
0.000~0.200	较差
<0.000	非常差

特征数	错误率
特征数	刺槐	山杏	油松	沙棘
1	0.231	0.209	0.196	0.229
2	0.218	0.200	0.177	0.219
3	0.207	0.195	0.172	0.215
4	0.208	0.193	0.169	0.214
5	0.204	0.188	0.166	0.214
6	0.203	0.186	0.170	0.213

赋值	变化类型	刺槐		山杏		油松		沙棘
赋值	变化类型	面积/km²	百分比/%	面积/km²	百分比/%	面积/km²	百分比/%	面积/km²	百分比/%
-3	Ⅰ 显著减少	1.627	8.557	0.706	4.487	0.450	3.973	9.076	35.497
-2	Ⅱ 减少	0.358	1.882	0.811	5.159	0.137	1.212	2.451	9.585
-1	Ⅲ 稍减少	1.217	6.404	0.858	5.458	0.209	1.846	4.259	16.656
0	Ⅳ 基本不变	1.879	9.887	1.963	12.481	1.086	9.596	3.761	14.709
1	Ⅴ 稍增加	2.304	12.123	2.176	13.837	1.161	10.258	1.826	7.141
2	Ⅵ 增加	3.941	20.730	4.636	29.482	2.224	19.648	2.034	7.957
3	Ⅶ 显著增加	7.683	40.419	4.576	29.096	6.051	53.466	2.162	8.457

树种	粗糙度	海拔	曲率	坡度	起伏度	坡向
刺槐	-0.020	0.087^**	0.033^*	-0.026	-0.028	-0.008
山杏	-0.028	0.153^**	0.011	-0.035^*	-0.039^*	0.108^**
油松	0.052^**	0.002	-0.039	0.053^**	0.048^*	-0.003
沙棘	0.015	-0.031^*	-0.048^**	0.020	0.031^*	0.047^**

地形因子	刺槐		山杏		油松		沙棘
地形因子	无树木分布	有树木分布	无树木分布	有树木分布	无树木分布	有树木分布	无树木分布	有树木分布
海拔	148.400	197.420	150.380	177.820	133.810	64.572	33.054	175.550
坡度	30.620	52.054	24.813	40.814	34.691	37.926	38.650	44.833
坡向	113.890	72.196	117.700	217.450	86.055	122.800	198.240	206.110
曲率	5.973	44.247	4.350	34.044	13.792	27.561	6.939	54.817
起伏度	11.449	54.782	19.990	42.130	34.848	32.115	40.107	47.462
粗糙度	38.066	67.327	35.679	42.943	33.769	35.709	54.792	58.836

地形因子对陕北黄土丘陵区防护林树种分布的影响

Effects of topographical factors on tree species distribution of shelter forest in Loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi

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