克里雅河尾闾绿洲浅层地下水位埋深变化特征研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.01.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地下水位埋深的动态变化极大程度上控制着荒漠植被。达理雅博依位于克里雅河尾闾,是塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地现存面积最大的一处由荒漠河岸林构成的天然绿洲,在这里对地下水位埋深动态变化的监测有助于研究其对地表植被的影响,从而进一步揭示天然绿洲形成与维系的机理。由于复杂的地理环境和闭塞的交通,尚未有学者在该绿洲获得连续的地下水位埋深监测数据。于2012年10月在尾闾绿洲腹地设立了观测井,获取了2012—2018年间地下水位埋深数据,从地下水位埋深的日极值分布特征、日极差分布特征、年内和年际波动特征4个方面分析了该井近6 a来水位埋深的动态变化过程,并结合胡杨的生长习性探讨了尾闾绿洲地下水位埋深变化对生态系统的可能影响。对该绿洲地下水位埋深数据观测结果的初步分析表明：（1）测井每日水位埋深最小值多出现在16：00、20：00与04：00;每日水位埋深最大值多出现在16：00,分布于4—10月,尤以9月为多。（2）地下水位埋深日极差波动范围为0~0.5 m。大于0.1 m的日极差主要分布于7—8月,并以2017年最为显著。（3）地下水位埋深基本在1.0~3.0 m波动,月峰值主要出现在2—3月与8—9月。（4）地下水位埋深多年平均值为2.0 m,水位埋深总体呈缓慢上升,约0.08 m·a^-1。（5）各年水位埋深在1.0~2.0 m的总天数呈增加趋势,利于胡杨种子萌发与植株扎根;在2.0~4.0 m的总天数呈减少趋势,青壮胡杨生长可能受限。

关键词: 塔里木盆地, 塔克拉玛干沙漠, 达理雅博依, 原始绿洲, 地下水, 动态变化

Abstract:

Dynamic changes in groundwater table depth largely control desert vegetation, which affects and restricts oasis ecosystems in arid regions. Daliyaboyi, located in the lower reaches of the Keriya River and comprising desert riparian forest, is the largest natural oasis in the Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang, China. Monitoring variations in groundwater table depth and studying its influence on surface vegetation further the understanding of the formation and maintenance of a pristine oasis. No researcher has previously obtained continuous groundwater monitoring data in the oasis because of the complex geographical environment and restricted travel conditions. In October 2012, our laboratory set up a monitoring well in the hinterland of the Daliyaboyi Oasis and obtained data for groundwater table depth from 2012 to 2018. This study analyzes the dynamic changes in water level from four aspects: daily extreme value distribution, diurnal range distribution, and annual and interannual fluctuations of groundwater table depth. Combined with observed growth habits of Populus euphratica, the possible influence of groundwater table depth changes on the oasis ecosystem was discussed. The preliminary analysis conclusions are as follows: (1) Daily minimum groundwater table depths occurred at 16:00, 20:00, or 04:00. Maximum depths mainly appeared at 16:00, from April to October, particularly in September. (2) Daily variations ranged from 0 to 0.5 m, and the level was deeper than 0.1 m from July to August, particularly during this two month period in 2017. (3) Groundwater table depth in each year varied from 1.0 to 3.0 m, and crests were mainly observed from February to March and August to September. (4) The average groundwater table depth for many years was 2.0 m, which showed a slowly increasing trend of approximately 0.08 m·a ^-1. Additionally, the total number of days with groundwater table depth in the range of 1.0-2.0 m during each year is increasing, which is suitable for the growth of Populus euphratica seedling (the dominative species of riparian vegetation in Daliyaboyi Oasis). The total number of days with depths of 2.0-4.0 m, which might restrict the growth of mature Populus euphratica, is decreasing.

Key words: Tarim Basin, Taklimakan Desert, Daliyaboyi, pristine oasis, groundwater, dynamic changes

唐敏,张峰,师庆东. 克里雅河尾闾绿洲浅层地下水位埋深变化特征研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(1): 80-88.

TANG Min,ZHANG Feng,SHI Qingdong. Variations in groundwater table depth at Daliyaboyi Oasis, Keriya River, China[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(1): 80-88.

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时刻	00：00	04：00	08：00	12：00	16：00	20：00
最小值出现次数	398	445	271	42	506	460
最大值出现次数	352	168	445	154	592	409

年份	月峰值出现月份		峰值差/m	水位上升期
2013	2	8	-0.19	冬季、夏季
2014	2	8	-1.11	冬季、夏季
2015	3	8	-0.10	冬季、夏末
2016	3	9	-0.27	冬末春初、夏末
2017	5	8	0.44	春季、夏季

年份	观测天数/d	最大值/m	最小值/m	变幅/m	平均值/m	标准差	变异系数
监测时段	2112	2.89	-0.02	1.01	2.00	0.44	0.22
2013	365	2.71	1.44	0.31	2.19	0.31	0.14
2014	365	2.89	1.18	0.42	2.05	0.51	0.25
2015	354	2.60	1.35	0.32	1.96	0.33	0.17
2016	366	2.78	1.09	0.44	1.88	0.43	0.23
2017	365	2.64	-0.02	1.02	1.87	0.53	0.28
2018	224	2.41	1.28	0.31	1.92	0.38	0.20