末次冰盛期以来塔里木盆地绿洲演化研究进展与问题

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.102

干旱区地理 ›› 2022, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 1761-1772.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.102

末次冰盛期以来塔里木盆地绿洲演化研究进展与问题

孙爱军^1,^2,³(),赵晖²(),刘冰²,汪克奇^2,³,晁倩^2,³,史志林⁴,陈发虎^1,^5,⁶

1.兰州大学资源环境学院/西部环境教育部重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730000
2.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院/沙漠与沙漠化重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730000
3.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
4.兰州大学敦煌学研究所，甘肃兰州 730000
5.中国科学院青藏高原研究所青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室，北京 100101
6.中国科学院青藏高原研究所古生态与人类适应团队，北京 100101

收稿日期:2022-03-16 修回日期:2022-04-12 出版日期:2022-11-25 发布日期:2023-02-01
通讯作者: 赵晖（1973-），男，研究员，主要从事释光年代学和环境演化研究. E-mail: hzhao@lzb.ac.cn
作者简介:孙爱军（1986-），男，博士研究生，主要从事释光年代学和绿洲演化研究. E-mail: sunaj20@lzu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFA0606400);第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk0302)

Oases evolution in Tarim Basin since the Last Glacial Maximum: Progress and issues

SUN Aijun^1,^2,³(),ZHAO Hui²(),LIU Bing²,WANG Keqi^2,³,CHAO Qian^2,³,SHI Zhilin⁴,CHEN Fahu^1,^5,⁶

1. Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
2. Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4. Institute of Dunhuang Studies of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
5. State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
6. Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation Group (ALPHA), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

Received:2022-03-16 Revised:2022-04-12 Online:2022-11-25 Published:2023-02-01
Contact: Hui ZHAO

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

塔里木盆地绿洲是中亚干旱区历史时期和现代人类生产和生活的重要场所，也是古丝绸之路和现代丝绸之路经济带的重要节点。对此区域绿洲沉积记录进行研究，可以了解绿洲演化过程，从而进一步对绿洲演化的机制进行分析。由于塔里木盆地周边绿洲人类活动剧烈，导致连续完整的绿洲沉积记录较为缺乏；而且此区域环境变化敏感复杂，沉积记录存在‘同期异相’等特性，限制了对绿洲演化过程和影响机制的探讨。因此，对塔里木盆地绿洲沉积物与绿洲演化过程研究进行系统总结非常必要。通过梳理目前对绿洲和绿洲沉积物的分类与定义，认为除了地貌与沉积相，还需结合表征绿洲沉积阶段的指标体系才能更好地厘清绿洲演化过程。筛选了记录塔里木盆地末次冰盛期以来的24篇绿洲沉积序列的文献，对文献中232个绿洲沉积发育年代和其中的120个河湖相沉积发育年代数据分别进行概率密度统计。总体来看，绿洲沉积与河湖相沉积发育年龄具有较好的一致性，暗示绿洲发育与盆地内部水文过程密切相关。同时，6 ka之前，绿洲发育概率密度与古里雅冰芯δ¹⁸O记录的温度具有相同变化趋势，盆地周边高山地区冰川融水可能是绿洲发育的主控因素；6 ka之后，绿洲发育与天山鹿角湾黄土-古土壤序列记录的湿度变化较为一致，绿洲发育可能主要响应于山地降水变化。进一步对塔里木盆地不同区域绿洲发育概率与古环境演化记录进行对比，发现不同区域绿洲发育与古环境记录存在着不一致性。在未来研究中，应该对塔里木盆地各区域大范围不连续的绿洲沉积进行集成研究，构建区域绿洲演化过程和年代框架，在此基础上对控制各区域绿洲发育的因素进行深入探讨。

关键词: 末次冰盛期, 绿洲演化, 河湖相沉积, 塔里木盆地

Abstract:

Oases around the Tarim Basin (TB), northwestern China, as key stations of the “Silk Road” in the historic time and the modern Silk Road Economic Belt, have been critical areas for human production and living since ancient times. It is crucial to investigate the process and mechanism of the evolution of these oases in the TB to explore the relationship between oasis evolution and human activities. However, because of human activities and complex environmental changes, the oasis deposit sequences in the TB are fragmental and discontinuous. Thus, it is necessary to systematically integrate profiles with oasis sediments to explore the completed oasis evolution process in the TB. In this study, we reviewed previous studies on oases in the TB and summarized the definitions of oasis and oasis deposits using the index system to better clarify these sediments. Twenty-four publications on oasis and fluvial-lacustrine deposit sections in the basin since 28 ka were selected, including 232 oasis and 120 fluvial-lacustrine deposit dating results. We used the probability density function (PDF) to analyze oasis and fluvial-lacustrine deposit development dates. The results show that there is a good temporal consistency between the two deposits in the entire basin, suggesting that the development of oases is closely related to hydrologic processes in the TB. Then, the PDF of oasis and fluvial-lacustrine deposits were compared with the temperature record from the Guliya ice core and humidity records from loess-paleosol sequences around the TB. The development of oasis and fluvial-lacustrine deposits are highly correlated with temperature changes before 6 ka and are associated with mountainous humidity after 6 ka. The results indicate that glacier meltwater is the main controlling factor of oasis development before 6 ka and that oasis flourishing after 6 ka is mainly due to mountain precipitation. Furthermore, comparing the PDF in different regions of the TB, oasis development is consistent in some periods and has regional differences. In the future, we should establish proxies representing the different stages of oasis development; large-scale sample collections and dating will be required to integrate the oasis evolution process in the TB region; the main control factors of oasis deposit evolution in different periods should be identified.

Key words: Last Glacial Maximum, oasis evolution, fluvial-lacustrine deposits, Tarim Basin

孙爱军, 赵晖, 刘冰, 汪克奇, 晁倩, 史志林, 陈发虎. 末次冰盛期以来塔里木盆地绿洲演化研究进展与问题[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(6): 1761-1772.

SUN Aijun, ZHAO Hui, LIU Bing, WANG Keqi, CHAO Qian, SHI Zhilin, CHEN Fahu. Oases evolution in Tarim Basin since the Last Glacial Maximum: Progress and issues[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(6): 1761-1772.

图/表 6

图1

表1

记录塔里木盆地末次冰盛期以来绿洲演化过程文献"

文献序号	剖面及钻孔名称	位置	时间跨度	测年手段	绿洲沉积年代个数	表征积水沉积年代个数	参考文献
1	达玛沟剖面	策勒县城东约13 km	4 ka以来	¹⁴C	4	-	钟巍等^[22]
2	-	塔里木盆地南缘及腹地	23 ka以来	¹⁴C/TL/OSL	24	17	李保生等^[23]
3	Niya River	38°08′N，82°46′E	4 ka以来	¹⁴C	6	-	Zhong等^[24]
4	-	塔里木盆地南缘及北部	15 ka以来	¹⁴C	34	8	冯起等^[25]
5	塔格勒剖面	策勒县塔格勒	1 ka以来	¹⁴C	2	-	钟巍等^[26]
6	达玛沟剖面约特干遗址剖面	策勒县达玛沟和田市约特干遗址	13 ka以来	¹⁴C	7	-	文启忠等^[27]
7	-	和田-于田	14 ka以来	¹⁴C	7	1	Li等^[28]
8	-	克里雅河流域	28 ka以来	¹⁴C/OSL	34	31	Shu等^[29]
9	博斯腾湖二级湖滨阶地	41°56′N，86°40′E	12 ka以来	¹⁴C	6	2	钟巍等^[30]
10	克里雅河西北剖面	38°58′N，81°59′E	20 ka以来	¹⁴C	13	8	靳鹤龄等^[31]
11	-	克里雅河流域	2 ka以来	¹⁴C	5	-	Yang^[32]
12	圆沙古城	克里雅河尾闾	3 ka以来	¹⁴C/OSL	19	5	张峰等^[33]
13	-	塔里木河流域	3 ka以来	¹⁴C	8	5	秦作栋等^[34]
14	-	罗布泊地区	2 ka以来	¹⁴C	17	-	Lü等^[35]
15	YKD0301	40°12′N，90°17′E	28 ka以来	¹⁴C/OSL	21	-	Zhang等^[36]
16	L06-6	40°30′N，90°92′E	10 ka以来	¹⁴C	4	-	钟骏平等^[37]
17	L07-10	40°20′N，90°59′E	12 ka以来	¹⁴C	4	-	华玉山等^[38]
18	-	40°27′N，90°20′E	11 ka以来	¹⁴C	3	-	Ma等^[39]
19	ZKD0017	罗布泊地区	17 ka以来	¹⁴C	3	-	刘成林等^[40]
20	KY1、KY2、TK3、TK6	克里雅河流域	17 ka以来	¹⁴C	12	12	周兴佳等^[41]
21	-	克里雅河流域	3 ka以来	OSL	4	4	Yang等^[42]
22	-	38°42′~40°29′N81°55′~84°18′E	26 ka以来	¹⁴C	8	8	Elisabeth等^[43]
23	-	塔里木盆地腹地	21 ka以来	OSL	15	15	杨小平等^[44]
24	Pagoda section	楼兰古城	11 ka以来	OSL	4	4	Qin等^[45]

表1

表2

表3

图2

图3

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划分标准	主要类型	典型特征
绿洲形成历史和废弃年代^[19]	古绿洲	是指历史上曾经存在过，由于自然条件的改变或人类活动影响而放弃，主要类型为沙漠腹地的遗址
	旧绿洲	开发历史悠久，至今还在利用的绿洲，多分布在山前冲积扇和冲积平原上段，属于农牧交错带，如和田、于田绿洲等
	新绿洲	一般指20世纪50年代后新开垦的绿洲，多分布在旧绿洲外围和边缘，是现在主要的农业区，如绿洲外围开垦的农田、果园等
绿洲所处的地貌部位^[20-21]	扇形地绿洲	位于河流出山后形成冲洪积扇中下部，一般距河流出山口不远，水土组合较好，是重要的农业基地，如和田绿洲等
	沿河绿洲	多位于水量较大河流的低阶地和河岸地带，一般呈长条状，地势平坦，引水方便，水土条件较好，宜于垦殖和村镇建设，如河流沿岸绿洲
	干三角洲绿洲	主要分布在较大河流的尾闾区，地势平坦，引水方便，但水源不稳定，受河流水量及河道变迁影响大，如现在克里亚河尾闾的达里雅博依绿洲
人类活动影响程度^[20-21]	自然绿洲	自然条件下形成的，人类活动对其无影响或影响微弱，以自然景观为主，生产力较低，如克里雅河沿岸的胡杨林
	人工绿洲	在人类的开发经营起着决定性的作用下形成的，原有的自然生态系统已发生彻底改变，生产力比天然绿洲高得多，如围绕塔里木盆地的主要城镇

沉积过程和沉积特征	主要沉积物类型
沉积物经历了水的搬运和沉积过程^[11,23,25]	冲洪积沙土、冰积泥砾、砾石层、泛滥沉积、湖相沉积、冰楔、冲积物
经历了一定的土壤化过程^[23]	亚黏土、绿洲土、腐殖土、粉砂质古土壤
有机质含量丰富或含植物残体^[11,22,24]	生草层、炭化层、弱碳化红柳叶层、枯枝落叶层、红柳残体层
含有水生软体化石^[23]	螺壳、水生蜗牛等

末次冰盛期以来塔里木盆地绿洲演化研究进展与问题

Oases evolution in Tarim Basin since the Last Glacial Maximum: Progress and issues

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