中巴公路盖孜河谷段形变监测与滑坡易发性评价方法

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.641

Abstract

Abstract:

Landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) is a critical component of landslide hazard risk assessment. To address the limitations of existing models in multi-scale feature extraction, a hybrid feature extraction network, termed multi-scale attention depthwise separable convolution with a channel-prioritized Transformer network (MADTNet) was developed. This approach effectively captures both local and global landslide features, enabling more accurate LSM. The Gaizi River Valley section of the China-Pakistan highway was selected as the study area. To construct a comprehensive dataset for modeling landslide susceptibility, surface deformation data collected from January 2019 to June 2024 were retrieved using a small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) technique and incorporated as a dynamic factor, along with ten static factors, including topography, geological conditions, hydrological characteristics, and human activities. The performance of MADTNet was systematically compared with that of five benchmark deep learning models convolutional neural network (CNN), residual network (ResNet), vision Transformer (ViT), fractal-based information Transformer (FrIT), and Transformer-based U-net (TransUNet). The results indicate that: (1) The line-of-sight deformation rates in the study area range from -52.5 mm·a^-1 to 19.4 mm·a^-1, while the slope-direction deformation rates range from -70.6 mm·a^-1 to 25.7 mm·a^-1. (2) MADTNet achieves the best overall performance, with an area-under-the-curve of 0.959, demonstrating superior predictive accuracy and generalization capability compared to the other models. (3) Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis reveals that the distance to rivers, distance to roads, slope, and elevation difference are the dominant factors influencing landslide development. Overall, MADTNet achieves high-precision and interpretable landslide susceptibility predictions, offering robust scientific support for targeted landslide mitigation and disaster risk management.

Key words: Karakoram highway, InSAR, CNN, Transformer, landslide susceptibility evaluation, SHAP analysis

WANG Yuanrong, HUO Jiuyuan, ZHANG Yaonan. Deformation monitoring and landslide susceptibility assessment method for the Gaizi River Valley of the China-Pakistan highway[J].Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(9): 1788-1802.

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References 25

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类别	滑坡因子	数据来源	空间分辨率	年份
地形地貌	高差/m	美国国家航天航空局	30 m	2011
	坡度/(°)	美国国家航天航空局	30 m	2011
	坡向	美国国家航天航空局	30 m	2011
地质条件	岩性	中国地质调查局	1:250000	2019
	距断层距离/m	中国地质调查局	1:250000	2019
	距震中距离/m	中国地质调查局	1:250000	2019
	归一化植被指数	地理空间数据云	30 m	2021
水文特征	年均降水量/mm	青藏高原数据中心	30 m	2019
水文特征	距河流距离/m	开放街道地图	30 m	2019
人类活动	距道路距离/m	开放街道地图	30 m	2019
地表形变	形变速率/mm·a^-1	欧洲航空局	30 m	2019—2024

滑坡因子	VIF	TOL
高差	3.838	0.261
坡度	1.536	0.351
坡向	1.278	0.849
岩性	1.887	0.534
距断层距离	1.835	0.545
距震中距离	1.354	0.738
归一化植被指数	1.275	0.784
年均降水量	4.323	0.244
距河流距离	1.256	0.696
距道路距离	1.358	0.727
形变速率	1.374	0.757

实际类别	预测类别
实际类别	预测正类	预测负类
实际正类	TP	FN
实际负类	FP	TN

模型	AUC	Accuracy	Precision	Recall	F1 Score
CNN	0.937	0.849	0.802	0.921	0.860
ResNet	0.952	0.884	0.867	0.907	0.891
ViT	0.952	0.867	0.890	0.914	0.889
FrIT	0.956	0.872	0.820	0.953	0.882
TransUNet	0.928	0.889	0.887	0.936	0.896
MADTNet	0.959	0.906	0.879	0.946	0.907

评价指标	Fold 1	Fold 2	Fold 3	Fold 4	Fold 5	均值
AUC	0.955	0.960	0.958	0.962	0.956	0.958
Auccary	0.903	0.908	0.904	0.912	0.901	0.906
Precision	0.873	0.885	0.879	0.882	0.876	0.879
Recall	0.943	0.947	0.944	0.950	0.945	0.946
F1 Score	0.904	0.910	0.905	0.912	0.903	0.907

Deformation monitoring and landslide susceptibility assessment method for the Gaizi River Valley of the China-Pakistan highway

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模型	AUC	Accuracy	Precision	Recall	F1 Score
MADTNet¹	0.946	0.856	0.840	0.916	0.880
MADTNet²	0.951	0.862	0.865	0.923	0.876
MADTNet³	0.949	0.871	0.873	0.910	0.864
MADTNet	0.959	0.906	0.879	0.946	0.907

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