中天山PM2.5中重金属和多环芳烃污染特征、来源及健康风险评价

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.181

Abstract

Abstract:

To investigate the pollution characteristics of PM_2.5 in the middle Tianshan Mountains, PM_2.5 samples were collected in Wulasitai region of the middle Tianshan Mountains from July to September 2019. Heavy metal contents were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The study explored the sources and health effects of heavy metals and PAHs in PM_2.5. The key results are as follows: (1) Concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs during summer and autumn in the middle Tianshan Mountains were relatively low. The average concentration levels of each element were: Fe>Cu>Zn>Pb>Mn>Cr>As>V>Rb>Ni>Co>Se>Cd>Tl. The total average heavy metal concentration was 238.50 ng·m^-3, with Fe (139.90 ng·m^-3) and Cu (78.72 ng·m^-3) being dominant, while other elements were below 10 ng·m^-3. The total average concentration of PAHs was 1.37 ng·m^-3, with 3-ring, 4-ring, and 5-7 ring PAHs concentration accounting for 3.59%, 32.34%, and 64.07%, respectively. (2) During the observation period, PM_2.5 was influenced by long-distance transport from the west and short-distance transport from the north and west. It may also have been affected by local valley wind and boundary layer changes. (3) Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified key pollution sources, including natural gas combustion and petroleum sources (28.56%), vehicle emissions and coal burning (28.46%), biomass burning and industrial pollution (16.14%), non-ferrous metal smelting (14.32%), and dust (12.52%). (4) Direct inhalation of PM_2.5 posed a carcinogenic risk to adults and children due to heavy metals and PAHs, with Cr, Co, As, and Se identified as high-risk substances. Non-carcinogenic health risks were relatively low.

Key words: PM_2.5, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pollution characteristics, source analysis, middle Tianshan Mountains

CHAI Mingchen, XU Guojie, ZHEN Zhongxiu, YIN Yan, ZHENG Bohua, CHEN Kui, LI Bin, LI Yuanyuan. Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of PM_2.5-bound heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in middle Tianshan Mountains[J].Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(3): 391-404.

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特征化合物比	石油源	石油源或燃烧源	燃烧源		非机动车源	机动车源
特征化合物比	石油源	石油源或燃烧源	液态化石燃料	煤炭与生物质	非机动车源	机动车源
Ant/(Ant+Phe)	<0.10	-	>0.10	>0.10	-	-
BaA/(BaA+Chr)	<0.20	0.20~0.35	>0.35	>0.35	-	-
IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP)	<0.20	-	0.20~0.50	>0.50	-	-
BaP/BghiP	-	-	-	-	<0.6	>0.6

暴露参数	不同人群
暴露参数	成人	儿童
ET/h·d^-1	8	6
EF/d·a^-1	180	180
ED/a	24	6
AT（致癌）/h	70×365×24	70×365×24
AT（非致癌）/h	ED×365×24	ED×365×24

元素	Rfc/mg·m^-3	IUR/(μg·m^-3)^-1
钒（V）	1.0×10^-4	-
六价铬（Cr（Ⅵ））	1.0×10^-4	8.4×10^-2
锰（Mn）	5.0×10^-5	-
钴（Co）	6.0×10^-6	9.0×10^-3
镍（Ni）	9.0×10^-5	2.6×10^-4
砷（As）	1.5×10^-5	4.3×10^-3
硒（Se）	-	2.0×10^-2
镉（Cd）	1.0×10^-5	1.8×10^-3
铅（Pb）	-	8.0×10^-5

元素	最小值/ng·m^-3	最大值/ng·m^-3	均值/ng·m^-3	变异系数
钒（V）	n.d.	15.82	0.42	4.81
铬（Cr）	n.d.	86.69	1.78	6.20
锰（Mn）	n.d.	20.43	4.53	0.84
铁（Fe）	9.61	1776.13	139.90	1.75
钴（Co）	n.d.	3.69	0.22	2.58
镍（Ni）	n.d.	2.06	0.27	1.89
铜（Cu）	2.07	496.63	78.72	1.20
锌（Zn）	n.d.	91.25	6.43	2.02
砷（As）	0.06	2.65	0.79	0.80
硒（Se）	n.d.	0.67	0.13	1.27
铷（Rb）	n.d.	1.93	0.32	1.32
镉（Cd）	0.02	0.86	0.10	1.12
铊（Tl）	0.01	0.21	0.07	0.60
铅（Pb）	0.52	14.35	4.82	0.52

采样地点	采样时间（年-月）	Cr	Mn	Fe	Ni	Cu	Zn	As	Cd	Pb	来源
贡嘎山	2015-05—2016-05	22.74	9.06	379.79	97.75	7.23	441.65	1.22	0.29	44.39	[40]
南京市	2016-12—2017-10	32.1	38.0	690.5	42.4	28.0	220.5	6.2	1.6	38.4	[41]
济南市	2017-03	0.1	18.0	-	5.5	225.0	71.8	4.0	0.6	35.3	[42]
乌鲁木齐市	2018-03—2018-04	112	72	-	26	184	263	-	26	47	[9]
克拉玛依市	2018-03—2018-04	91	45	-	21	69	61	-	15	42	[9]
西安市	2019-01—2019-12	14	355	686	-	74	18	21	224	144	[43]
乌鲁木齐市	2019-10、2019-12	-	71.09	2086.19	19.74	175.69	330.92	180.93	-	53.80	[21]
中天山	2019-07—2019-09	1.78	4.53	139.90	0.27	78.72	6.43	0.79	0.10	4.82	本研究

Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of PM_2.5-bound heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in middle Tianshan Mountains

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PAHs	最小值 /ng·m^-3	最大值 /ng·m^-3	均值 /ng·m^-3	变异系数	环数
茐（Flu）	n.d.	0.03	0.003	1.57	3
菲（Phe）	0.003	0.19	0.03	0.99	3
蒽（Ant）	n.d.	0.03	0.01	0.50	3
荧蒽（Flua）	0.01	0.78	0.14	0.95	4
芘（Pyr）	0.01	0.56	0.12	0.90	4
苯并[a]蒽（BaA）	0.004	0.30	0.05	0.96	4
䓛（Chr）	0.02	0.47	0.13	0.69	4
苯并[b]荧蒽（BbF）	0.04	0.87	0.23	0.62	5
苯并[k]荧蒽（BkF）	0.02	0.54	0.12	0.70	5
苯并[e]芘（BeP）	0.02	0.35	0.10	0.63	5
苯并[a]芘（BaP）	n.d.	0.47	0.10	0.89	5
二苯并[a,h]蒽（DahA）	n.d.	0.11	0.02	0.81	5
茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘（IcdP）	0.03	0.78	0.16	0.84	6
苯并[ghi]芘（BghiP）	0.02	0.48	0.10	0.83	6
晕苯（Cor）	n.d.	0.27	0.05	0.92	7

采样地点	采样时间（年-月）	2~3环PAHs		4环PAHs		5~7环PAHs		总浓度 /ng·m^-3	来源
采样地点	采样时间（年-月）	浓度/ng·m^-3	占比/%	浓度/ng·m^-3	占比/%	浓度/ng·m^-3	占比/%	总浓度 /ng·m^-3	来源
西安市	2016-01—2018-12	0.44	3.77	3.98	34.08	6.85	58.65	11.27	[46]
银川市	2016-07	19.08	42.62	11.81	26.38	13.88	31.00	44.77	[47]
乌鲁木齐市	2018-03—2018-04	5.75	21.39	13.83	51.45	7.30	27.16	26.88	[9]
克拉玛依市	2018-03—2018-04	4.62	17.30	20.41	76.41	1.68	6.29	26.71	[9]
吉木乃县	2018-03—2018-04	6.70	15.47	31.36	72.39	5.26	12.14	43.32	[9]
伊宁市	2016-06—2016-08	2.95	17.69	3.59	21.52	10.14	60.79	16.68	[22]
瓦里关站	2019-12—2020-01	0.41	4.81	4.60	53.93	3.52	41.27	8.53	[48]
金沙站	2019-12—2020-01	0.22	7.83	1.14	40.57	1.45	51.60	2.81	[48]
中天山	2019-07—2019-09	0.05	3.59	0.44	32.34	0.83	64.07	1.37	本研究

污染物	HQ		ECR
污染物	成年人	儿童	成年人	儿童
V	6.90×10^-3	5.18×10^-3	-	-
Cr	4.18×10^-8	3.14×10^-3	1.20×10^-5	2.26×10^-6
Mn	0.149	0.112	-	-
Co	6.03×10^-2	4.52×10^-2	1.12×10^-6	2.09×10^-7
Ni	4.93×10^-3	3.70×10^-3	3.96×10^-8	7.42×10^-9
As	8.66×10^-2	6.49×10^-2	1.91×10^-6	3.59×10^-7
Se	-	-	1.47×10^-6	2.75×10^-7
Cd	1.64×10^-2	1.23×10^-2	1.01×10^-7	1.90×10^-8
Pb	-	-	2.17×10^-7	4.07×10^-8
总重金属	0.328	0.246	1.69×10^-5	3.17×10^-6
Flu	2.47×10^-6	1.85×10^-6	1.01×10^-12	1.90×10^-13
Phe	2.47×10^-5	1.85×10^-5	1.01×10^-11	1.90×10^-12
Ant	8.22×10^-5	6.16×10^-5	3.38×10^-11	6.34×10^-12
Flua	1.15×10^-4	8.63×10^-5	4.73×10^-11	8.88×10^-12
Pyr	9.86×10^-5	7.40×10^-5	4.06×10^-11	7.61×10^-12
BaA	4.11×10^-3	3.08×10^-3	1.69×10^-9	3.17×10^-10
Chr	1.07×10^-3	8.01×10^-4	4.40×10^-10	8.24×10^-11
BbF	1.89×10^-2	1.42×10^-2	7.78×10^-9	1.46×10^-9
BkF	9.86×10^-3	7.40×10^-3	4.06×10^-9	7.61×10^-10
BeP	8.22×10^-4	6.16×10^-4	3.38×10^-10	6.34×10^-11
BaP	8.22×10^-2	6.16×10^-2	3.38×10^-8	6.34×10^-9
IcdP	1.32×10^-2	9.86×10^-3	5.41×10^-9	1.01×10^-9
DahA	1.64×10^-2	1.23×10^-2	6.76×10^-9	1.27×10^-9
BghiP	8.22×10^-4	6.16×10^-4	3.38×10^-10	6.34×10^-11
Cor	4.11×10^-5	3.08×10^-5	1.69×10^-11	3.17×10^-12
总PAHs	0.148	0.111	6.08×10^-8	1.14×10^-8
总和	0.476	0.357	1.70×10^-5	3.18×10^-6

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Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in middle Tianshan Mountains

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Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of PM_2.5-bound heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in middle Tianshan Mountains